大城市居住社会-空间分异格局与耦合模式研究——以南京、杭州为例

伴随转型期中国大城市内部大幅拆建、住房市场持续分化、外来人口迅速涌入和城市居民频繁迁居等过程,城市社会阶层和居住空间不断被解构和重构。社会群体和物质空间的不断异质嬗变、杂糅组合与相互作用,构成城市居住的社会-空间分异复杂面相与耦合过程。以南京和杭州为例,在居住社会-空间二维属性及其关联耦合的认知基础上,基于城市住房市场、建成环境和手机用户画像数据等多源数据,采用主成分与K均值相结合的方法对社会群体与住宅空间进行聚类与匹配分析。研究发现社会群体类型间差异主要体现在消费能力与职业构成指标上,住宅空间类型差异则主要表现在住宅价格上,社会群体与住宅空间类型间存在显著的关联性,由此提炼并检验城市居住社会-空间耦合的七种典型模式。本研究拓展了中国城市居住分异的理论与实践深度,并为下一步的居住社会-空间耦合的过程、机制、效应与调控等相关研究奠定了基础。

The pattern and coupling model of residential socio-spatial differentiation in metropolis: A comparative study of Nanjing and Hangzhou

Along with the process of extensive demolition and construction, the continuous differentiation of the housing market, the rapid inflow of external population, and the frequent migration of urban residents in the transitional period, urban social strata and residential space were deconstructed and reconstructed. The continuous heterogenous transmutation, hybridizing and interaction between social groups and physical space constitute the complex social-spatial phase and coupling process of urban residential differentiation. In recent years, with the rapid popularization of mobile intelligent terminals and the powerful support of big data capture technology in communications, mobile location and user portrait data are becoming more flexible and timely in exploring the spatial differentiation and behavior patterns of urban residents. Taking Nanjing and Hangzhou as examples, based on the cognition of the two-dimensional attribute of residential socio-space and their coupling, and based on multi-source data such as urban housing market, built environment, and mobile phone user portrait data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means were used to analyze the clustering and matching between social groups and residential space. Based on multi-dimensional data and small-scale units, the spatial clustering method is used to describe quantitatively the social-spatial structure characteristics of residential differentiation in Nanjing and Hangzhou from the perspective of social groups and residential spatial attributes. This paper analyzes and compares the typical coupling pattern between social groups and residential space in the two cities, and explores the general pattern and common law of residential social-spatial differentiation in Chinese large cities. The result shows that the differences between social groups are mainly reflected in the consumption ability and occupation index, while the differences between residential space types are mainly reflected in the housing prices. Based on the results, seven typical modes of urban residential socio-spatial coupling are extracted. This paper attempts to inject new vitality and depth into the study of urban residential differentiation with Chinese characteristics in the new era and to provide references for promoting the balanced development of urban social space in the transitional period. It has enriched the data sources and research contents of socio-spatial differentiation and expanded the theoretical and practical depth of urban residential differentiation in China, which lays a foundation for further research on the process, mechanism, effects, and regulation of residential socio-spatial coupling.