长沙市居住区空间宜居程度研究

以长沙市为例，建立由20 367个建筑体块以及水体、地形、道路等要素构成的城市三维模型，通过建设、环境、交通、服务、景观5个方面的20个指标的计算，对全市1 860个居住区的空间宜居程度进行综合分析。结果表明：长沙市居住区的空间宜居程度存在显著的空间差异，呈现出“西高东低”“一走廊三高地三低地”的空间特征。湘江沿岸“走廊”以及梅溪湖、松雅湖、洋湖周边区域“三高地”的空间宜居程度较高，中心城区则存在空间宜居程度最低的“三低地”。城市综合宜居程度与景观类指标、环境类指标呈空间正相关，建设类指标呈现“中心低、边缘高”现象，而交通类、服务类指标呈现“中心高、边缘低”现象。产生上述特征的主要原因在于：城市扩张与居住区建设速度过快，居住区对景观资源依赖性强，老旧小区搬迁改造推进缓慢，新建城区配套服务不足。应该从控制城市周边居住区的新建、推动旧城改造、加强景观营造、完善配套服务等方面进一步优化。

Spatial Livability of Residential Areas in Changsha City

In the contemporary background of livable city construction, it is necessary to accurately analyze the spatial livability of urban residential areas, which could be the important basis for formulation of the municipal territorial space planning. Taking Changsha City as the example, this article established a 3D urban model including 20 367 building blocks and waters, terrain, roads and other factors. Through the calculation of 20 indicators in 5 aspects of the construction, the environment, the traffic, the service and the landscape, a comprehensive analysis has been conducted upon 1 860 residential areas in the whole city. Results show that: There are significant spatial differences in livability of residential areas in Changsha City, which could be expressed in spatial characteristics of ‘west high, east low’ and ‘one corridor, three highlands and three lowlands’. The ‘corridor’ along the Xiangjiang River waterfront and ‘three highlands’ surrounding the Meixi Lake, the Songya Lake and the Yang Lake have higher spatial livability, while the ‘three lowlands’ which located in the central city have the lowest spatial livability. The comprehensive livability is positively correlated with landscape indicators and environmental indicators in space. The construction indicators show the phenomenon of ‘central area low and edge area high’, while the traffic indicators and service indicators show the phenomenon of ‘central area high and edge area low’. The main reasons for the above characteristics lie in: The speed of urban expansion and residential area construction is too fast, the residential areas are strongly dependent on landscape resources, the speed of transformation and reconstruction of old residential areas are slow, and the supporting services of residential areas in new urban areas are inadequate. In order to further optimize, we should control the build of residential areas around the city, promote the urban renewal, strengthen the landscape construction and improve the supporting services.