生态服务付费存在的问题及生态工人机制探讨

生态服务付费（PES）的理论源于新古典福利经济学，隐含了对生态服务定价、市场将自动演变出生态服务买家和卖家的假设。由于缺少生态服务的现实市场，这种假设很难奏效，需要重新审视大多数生态服务付费项目有关福利经济学的基本理论假设，需要创新生态补偿的新方式。同时，坚持生态惠民、生态利民、生态为民，是绿水青山就是金山银山发展理念的核心内涵，是对以人为中心的环境保护与经济发展的生动诠释。特别是对于重要的生态脆弱区来讲，生态环境保护工程的实施更应关注域内原住民的发展。通过回顾PES的理论演变和总结国内外典型PES案例实践，分析了PES在理论假设与实践方面存在的脱节问题，并发现通过PES项目实施中创建的社会网络和就业为当地参与者增加了新的创收机会。在此基础上，通过引导当地住民参与生态保护与修复，探讨了生态保护、经济发展和民生改善的协调联动良性生态工人机制的形成。

Theoretical and practical problems in payments of ecoservice and discussion on the mechanism of ecoworkers

The theoretical root of payments for environmental services (PES) lies in neoclassical welfare economics,which implies that once the pricing of environmental services is set,the market will automatically modify the assumptions of buyers and sellers of environmental services.However,this assumption is difficult to accomplish and requires a reexamination of the basic assumptions of welfare economics theory in most projects involving PES.This paper reviews the evolution of the PES theory and summarizes typical PES case practices at home and abroad.Further,the problems of PES in theory and practice are discussed.It is found that some government initiatives that are implemented via the social network complementary to PES practices through various forms provided by PES (i.e.,physical,technical,and cash) help local participants create new revenue opportunities.This PES implementation promotes the formation of coordination linkage,benign mechanisms of ecological protection,economic development,and improvement of people’s livelihoods.