大城市地区农村改革的政治生态学分析--以北京市农村地区为例

运用政治生态学(politicalecology)的基本观点,以北京市农村地区为对象,在对平原、丘陵、山区4个不同类型村庄多年实地调查基础上,分析了在政治体制改革、市场经济影响下北京郊区农村的组织形态、产业结构、土地利用、耕地质量、生态环境的变化过程。研究揭示,1979以来北京农村政治改革与生态环境的关系与其他的农村地区不同,国家与地方政府的政策变化使北京农村生态环境在不同时期呈现出恶化-改善的波动性过程;根据长期研究,政体改革、政策变化在总体上起到了抑制生态恶化、改善农村环境的作用。

The political ecology of rural reform in metropolitan area in China: a case study of Beijing city

This paper aims to illustrate the changes and the relationship between resource use patterns and state policies in the rural area of Beijing city with viewpoint of political ecology in China's rapid economic growth since reform and opening up. Based on years of fieldwork from 1995, the results of the survey lead to the following conclusions. First, agricultural crop production has changed as the influence of the agricultural production policies has changed. Second, the agricultural land productivity of Beijing city was influenced either by natural conditions or the changes in governmental policies. Third, rural industries in rural areas of Beijing city are centralized in those parts of the plain close to the city proper. Fourth, based on changes of agricultural land productivity and gross income of the township and village enterprises in each township of Beijing city in 1989 and 1999, four changing patterns in rural areas during this period can be defined. These four patterns are formulated under the interaction of natural conditions, social economic conditions, and agricultural production policies. Fifth, The changes in agricultural production among rural regions are diversified in Beijing city. The reason for the diversification is doubtless that, because of varying natural conditions, different agricultural production policies have been applied to each agricultural region, leading to differences in crop production. That is to say, the roles of state and municipal government policies are very important. It can understand from the case villages that, since the reform and opening up to the outside world, the relation between rural reform and the ecological environment of Beijing city is different to the way it appears in existing studies. It appears that it has a regional specialty. Its main feature is that, in general, the regional ecological environment is not damaged by the changes of the state policies, but, on the contrary, is somehow improved. A political ecological perspective should highlight not only the impact of political-economic relationships on resource use patterns, but also the significance of environmental variables and how their interaction with political economic forces influences human – environment relationships.