大都市区功能性多中心的产业集聚检验——以珠三角企业网络为例

大都市区产业集聚是共享市场资源、降低交易费用的地域分工结果。学术界和规划实践领域认为频密的功能联系有助于大都市区实现专业分工的多中心体系,即在多中心大都市区内部形成有机联系的专门化集聚,因而是一种理想的空间结构模式。基于理论辨析,以同城的多部门企业子母机构为参照组,试图检验企业空间组织总部-分支功能联系与产业部类专业分工的耦合性。在巨型城市功能性多中心理论回顾的基础上,梳理了企业内部功能组织的多中心与不同产业部类间专业集聚的概念模型、计量方法,引入集聚规模变量以弥补区位熵、克鲁格曼比较优势等统计量的不足,并对珠三角大都市区的多中心网络格局演化开展实证。研究发现：① 2008—2017年间,企业内部子母机构空间组织的功能联系明显促进了珠三角的网络密度,提升了大都市区整体的功能性多中心,并同步大幅增加了跨城企业的集聚功能强度;② 珠三角都市区企业空间组织从产业部类分工走向功能性分工,但是企业总部并没有全然集中于广州、深圳主城区,广深走廊尤其是龙岗、宝安等深圳近圈层地区总部机构的集聚功能强度明显提升,企业分支机构尤其是商业消费门店式并不趋于都市区/都市圈的外围地域;③ 珠三角制造业为主导的专业镇模式日益式微,随着全球化波动下的产业变动,珠三角区域的“世界工厂”角色正处于转型阶段。

Examining the relationship of functional polycentricity and specialized industrial agglomeration in the metropolitan area of the Pearl River Delta

Industrial agglomeration in metropolitan areas is widely regarded as the consequence of sharing markets and reduction of transaction costs. Many scholars believe that frequent functional links among various cities in metropolitan areas can help to form a multi-center system of professional division of labors, which is considered as an ideal spatial structure model. Thus, based on the theory of complementary polycentricity, this study explored the conceptual models of corporate spatial organization and special industrial agglomeration in the polycentric city region. Because functional activities will be located in certain areas of the city region and thus improve the level of division of labor, we develop the indicators for measuring the size of special industrial agglomeration in line with the existing measurements of Location Entropy and the similar methodologies by Krugman. Our research indicated that development of headquarter-branch links crossing boundaries in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) resulted into much denser networks in this mega-city region, then it led to higher level of functional polycentricity in the PRD. During the period of 2008-2017, headquarters inclined to concentrate in several central cities while the geography of branches did not indicate industrial specialization. In the process of functional polycentricity by the cooperate spatial organization in the PRD, headquarters were more likely to be located in central city of Shenzhen than in Guangzhou, while more branches were distributed in areas such as Baoan and central city of Huizhou, both of them adjacent to the central city of Shenzhen. Although development of internet and transportation technologies permitting companies setting up branches in the hinterlands, physical distance is still one of the key factors constraining firms to locate offices far away in the PRD, we also found the truth that this world workshop in the PRD indicated by many “Special Towns” has been shifting to the urbanized economy dominated by service industry since 2008. Our research revealed that connections between headquarters and branches across regions did lead to the polycentricity of the PRD, while the geography of these offices, especially the branches, indicated no significant industrial specialization. What’s more, some companies in the adjacent areas of mega cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen set up branch offices in the central cities. As the decline of manufacturing towns in Shunde and Dongguan, subregion areas such as Baoan and Central Huizhou near Shenzhen attracted many service offices setting up branches, which also results in the relative decline of Guangzhou as the commercial center in the PRD. The economic transition of “down to up” organization by the massive firms resulted from the two major cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen in the PRD.