湘南地区传统村落空间秩序的表征、测度与归因

传统村落的空间形态受自然和文化双重影响,表现出复杂的空间差异性,通过识别空间差异来判断人地关系及其系统内部的空间机理和文化形成机制,是人文地理学当前面临的重要科学问题。从空间秩序视角出发,选取湘南地区10个典型的传统村落,将方向性序量、紧凑度、分形维数以及社会网络分析中的中心性、中心势等指标引入到区域单元下传统村落的空间秩序研究中,通过比较村落内部及村落之间的各项指数变化,并利用TOPSIS法建立综合评价体系,探究传统村落空间秩序的共性与个性,最终分析其背后的影响因素及空间机理。研究表明：① 方向性序量是传统村落空间秩序最直接的表征,湘南地区传统村落方向性秩序均值都在0.7以上,属于上游水平。② 紧凑度和分形维数分别表征村落整体形态的紧凑性和复杂性,从正反两方面反映了传统村落的外向空间秩序,湘南地区传统村落紧凑度较好、边界轮廓复杂性较低。③ 点度中心性代表村落的向心性,接近中心性代表村落的集聚性,中介中心性代表村落的破碎性,湘南地区传统村落接近中心性和中介中心性的中心均在村落几何中心附近。④ 村落空间秩序实际上代表着社会秩序的自组织性,湘南地区传统村落空间秩序感整体都较强,其影响因素主要有自然山水、宗族血缘、经济基础和文化教育4个方面。研究对于识别传统村落空间形态特征并判断其文化形成机制具有理论和实践意义。

Representation,measurement and attribution of spatial order of traditional villages in southern Hunan

The spatial form of traditional villages is subject to both natural and cultural impact, and demonstrates complicated differences. The spatial differences can be used to identify the man-land relationship as well as the spatial mechanism and cultural formation mechanism within the system, and are therefore a major scientific topic in human geography. From the perspective of spatial order, this research selects 10 typical traditional villages in southern Hunan province, and compares the differences in the directional order, compactness, fractional dimension, and centrality and centralization of social network analysis within and between villages. The TOPSIS approach is employed to establish a comprehensive evaluation system, explore the universality and individuality in the spatial order of traditional villages and analyze the influencers and spatial mechanism. The findings suggest that directional order is the most direct representation of the spatial order of traditional villages. The average direction order values of traditional villages in the study area are all greater than 0.7. Compactness and fractional dimension represent how compact and complicated the spatial form is, and reflect the outwards spatial order of the villages. The traditional villages in southern Hunan are quite compact, with less complicated boundaries. The degree centrality represents how central the villages are, the closeness centrality represents the clustering of villages, and the betweenness centrality represents the brokenness of the villages. The closeness centrality and betweenness centrality fall near the geometric center of the traditional villages in the study area. The spatial order of villages represents the self-organization of social order. The traditional villages have good spatial order, with the influencing factors being natural landscapes, kinship, economy, and culture and education. The findings are of theoretical and practical significance to identifying the spatial form of traditional villages and their cultural formation mechanism.