梯田保护利用的演化逻辑及外力影响因素

以世界文化遗产的云南红河哈尼梯田为例，基于元阳县自然资源局的土地利用的空间矢量数据，利用地理信息系统技术提取2013-2018年元阳县与梯田核心景区的土地利用类型信息，分析梯田耕作时空演变的总体特征和变化趋势，选取级差地租理论解释梯田耕作的演化逻辑，并通过实地调研说明政府的外力干预效果。结果表明：1）梯田核心区的耕地比例大于整个元阳县的耕地比例，且不同于元阳县内旱地面积大于水田面积，核心区内的水田面积为旱地面积的一倍，表明核心区的水田比非核心区保护得更好；2）在没有外力干预的自然情况下非核心区与核心区水田分别呈现改旱和撂荒趋势，民族内部的文化力量难以可持续抗衡这种变迁。而政府作为市场失灵的调控机关，在遗产保护任务和政治利益激励的诉求下，干预了核心区的梯田演变过程，通过提高级差地租Ⅱ实现核心区的土地增值，集中加大对核心区的资源要素投入，从而有效延缓了梯田遗产消失或变更的进程；而非核心区由于缺乏政府有力的干预，梯田正呈现逐渐消失的趋势。

Evolution of Terrace Farming and External Factors of Terrace Protection Measures:A Case Study of Hani Terraces

As an important global cultural heritage,terraced fields are currently facing abandonment and being transformed into dry land.This study explores the influence of a foreseeable external intervention on terrace protection measures by using the Honghe Hani Terraces in Yunnan,which are a world cultural heritage site,as an example.According to the land use vector data obtained by the Yuanyang County Natural Resources Bureau,the land-use information of Yuanyang County and the core scenic area of the terraced fields during 2013-2018 were extracted through the geographic information system technology to further explore the influence of external forces on the protection of paddy fields in the core area of terraced fields.This paper uses extreme rent theory to explain the evolutionary logic of terrace farming,explaining the effect of external force intervention by the government through field research.This study has two primary results.First,the proportion of cultivated land in the core area of terraces was larger than that in Yuanyang County;the paddy field section in the core area is twice the size of the dryland area,indicating that the paddy field in the core area is better protected than that in the noncore area.In terms of the spatial and temporal dynamic evolution of land types,the area of dry and construction lands increased the most in Yuanyang County from 2013 to 2018,while that of the paddy fields and garden land showed a decreasing trend.It can also be concluded that the intensity of farming activities on the paddy fields decreased throughout Yuanyang County,with paddy fields drying to some extent.However,the land type in the core area of the terraced fields was relatively stable;it is speculated that the large-scale traditional agricultural production mode has been retained.Second,according to the current land-use situation,the influence of external force intervention on terrace farming was analyzed by consulting different theories,field studies,and interviews.Differential rent theory summarizes the two forms of land rent model without outside intervention and under natural conditions.Land value is only included in differential rentⅠas financially rational male villagers prefer the more economical dry land crops(non-core),while OuDeGai drought or migrant workers prefer abandoned crops(core).The land value is only reflected in the differential rent I.As a rational economic man,the villagers prefer to grow dry land cash crops(to change drought in non-core areas)or to go out for work(abandon farming in core areas).When considering urbanization,internal national cultural forces(local attachment and insecurity)show inertia resistance and vulnerability,rendering it difficult to guarantee the long-term cultural inheritance of terraced fields when relying on traditional forces.In contrast,based on its political responsibilities and the demand of the people,the government intervened in the core area in a prescient way.By hosting major events applying for World Cultural Heritage to attract investment,the land value in the core area has been increased,terraces in the core area are being successfully protected and managed,and disappearance or alteration of this cultural heritage has been effectively delayed.However,in the non-core area,there is no foreseeable external force intervention,and the terraced fields show a trend of gradual disappearance.