石墨矿床分布特征、成因类型及勘查进展

【研究目的】石墨已成为新兴技术产业的重要原材料，也是未来高新技术发展的重要关键性矿产资源。中国既是石墨资源大国，也是生产消费大国，摸清石墨矿产资源分布现状，总结不同成因类型石墨矿床地质特征及成矿规律对保障石墨有效供给具有重要意义。【研究方法】搜集已公开发表或出版的石墨矿产资料，对石墨矿床地质特征、物质来源及成因等内容进行系统总结。【研究结果】石墨矿集区主要分布于东亚—南亚、东非、东欧—中欧、北美洲、南美洲和大洋洲等地，各矿集区资源禀赋、矿床成因及成矿地质特征各具特色。中国和东非的马达加斯加、莫桑比克、坦桑尼亚等国，近几年找矿成果显著，探获多处资源量达亿t级的石墨矿床；中国、莫桑比克、巴西为石墨矿主要生产国，2020年3国石墨产量约占总产量的80%。【结论】重新划分为区域变质型、热液型、岩浆型和接触变质型四大类石墨矿床，其中区域变质型、接触变质型、岩浆热液型及深成岩型石墨矿的碳质来源主要为有机质，而变质热液型和火成碳酸岩型石墨矿则以幔源岩浆碳为主。

Distribution characteristics, genetic types and prospecting progress of graphite deposits

This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.Object]Graphite has become an important raw material for emerging technology industries, and It is also an important key mineral resource for future high-tech development. China is not only a big country of graphite resources, but also a big country of production and consumption. It is of great significance to find out the distribution status of graphite mineral resources and summarize the geological characteristics and metallogenic regularity of different genetic types of graphite deposits to ensure the effective supply of graphite.Methods]Collect published or published data of graphite minerals, and systematically summarize the geological characteristics, material sources and genesis of graphite deposits. Results]Graphite mining areas are mainly distributed in East Asia-South Asia, East Africa, Eastern Europe-Central Europe, North America, South America and Oceania, and each mining area has its own characteristics in resource endowment, deposit genesis and metallogenic geological characteristics. China,Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania and other countries in East Africa, have achieved remarkable prospecting results in recent years, and many graphite deposits with resources of 100 million tons have been discovered. China, Mozambique and Brazil are the main producers of graphite ore, and the graphite output of these three countries will account for about 80% of the total output in 2020.Conclusion]There are four types of graphite deposits:regional metamorphic type, hydrothermal type, magmatic type and contact metamorphic type. Among them, the carbon source of regional metamorphic type, contact metamorphic type, magmatic hydrothermal type and plutonic type graphite deposits is mainly organic matter, while that of metamorphic hydrothermal type and igneous carbonate type graphite deposits is mainly mantle magma carbon.Hightlights: Basically find out the distribution of graphite resources, metallogenic potential and prospecting status in major graphite ore concentration areas; Re- classify the genetic types of graphite deposits, and summarize the carbonaceous sources and metallogenic regularity of graphite deposits of various genetic types.