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Helium ions in the upper atmosphere
Affiliation:1. Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China;2. Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, 234, HECO Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0802, United States;3. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, 234, HECO Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0802, United States;4. Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, 234, HECO Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0802, United States;1. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA;2. National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA;3. Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA;1. Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, El Paso, USA;2. Interdisciplinary Centre for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Japan;3. Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan;4. Jade Consult Pvt. Ltd., Nepal;5. Ministry of Physical Infrastructure Development, Province-1, Province Government, Nepal;6. Universal Engineering and Science College, Nepal;1. Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States;2. Department of Communication, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States;3. Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell’Università, 6, 26900, Lodi, LO, Italy
Abstract:Reasons are given for believing that ion-atom interchange between He+ and N2 is strongly endothermic but that ion-atom interchange between He+ and O2 is exothermic. It is concluded that the former ion-atom interchange process does not occur to an appreciable extent but that the latter may be responsible for the removal of the He+ being produced by photoionization. Calculations are carried out on the steady state. In harmony with the prediction of Nicolet He+ is found to be abundant at great altitudes even if a high rate coefficient is assigned to the collision process leading to its removal. Attention is drawn to the possibility that radiative dissociation of excited HeO+ is important in connection with the problem of the escape of helium into interplanetary space.
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