六盘山地区下白垩统六盘山群乃家河组核形石形成的环境意义

六盘山寺口子水库下白垩统六盘山群乃家河组中发育了核形石,通过对其外部核心及纹层特征,以及核形石地球化学组分的研究,认为研究区核形石主要产于水动力较强的动荡水环境中,对捕捉和粘附碳酸钙质点作用相当明显,藻类自身的钙化和原地微生物引发的沉淀作用也可能是核形石的成因。经分析得到核形石的Sr/Ba值为4.87,CaO的含量达到了48.18%,总体上,研究区核形石在盐度高、温度较高、气候炎热、蒸发量大的干旱环境条件下形成。这些环境与研究区在该时期受燕山运动的影响,地壳整体抬升,湖盆发生萎缩的构造背景是相符的。

The formation environment and genesis of the oncolite in Lower Cretaceous Liupanshan Group of Liupan Mountain area

Oncolite is a kind of algae pack tablets composed of two parts, the core and cladding. It was the mucus secretion during the growth of algae in the process of capturing bonded debris materials and calcium carbonate particles and was formed through the core accretion as concentric patterned grains. On October 24, 2008, the authors found oncolites in Lower Cretaceous Naijiahe Formation of Liupanshan Group in a tunnel of Sikouzi Reservoir in the Liupan Mountain. The Lower Cretaceous strata in the study area are mainly composed of a set of purple, grayish green and gray mudstone, gray marl and light yellow muddy siltstone, with thin layered plas-ter between the marl. Oncolites occur in the upper part of Naijiahe Formation. A study of their external core and lamination characteristics suggests that they were formed mainly in a turbulent and high-energy water-environment. Geochemical compositions of the oncolites show that the debris was derived from land-based oxides such as SiO_2, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3, and FeO, whose values are all relatively low, with SiO_2 being 8.20%, Al_2O_3 being 2.77%, and (Fe_2O_3+FeO) being 3.00%. The content of these oxides in the lake depends on the amount of terrestrial detritus that entered the lake. In addition, the inflow of terrigenous detritus and vegetation cover are also related to the extent of weathering. The lower the degree of weathering or the better the covering, the lower the debris substance content. Therefore, the oncolites with relatively low SiO_2, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3, and FeO values indicate that during the same period the climate was relatively dry and the weathering was not strong. As only a small amount of clastic materials flowed into the lake and the lake water was relatively clean, a suitable water environment for the growth of algae and concolites were formed, and this also implies the close relationship between the influx of terrigenous clastic rocks and the growth of concolites. CaO content of concolites reaches 48.18%, indicating an obvious effects of the capturing and adhesion of calcium carbonate particles. Calcified algae itself and in situ precipitation of micro-organisms might also have been the causes for the formation of these concolites. The Sr/Ba value is 4.87, and the CaO content reaches 48.18%, suggesting that in the study area concolites were formed in a high salinity, high temperature, hot and strong evaporation arid environment. In Early Cretaceous, the region was affected by the Yanshanian movement, resulting in crustal uplift and lake atrophy. A study of the formation environment of these oncolites in Liupanshan area shows that their formation environment was consistent with the tectonic setting at that time.