国际视觉景观研究评述

视觉景观研究在旅游景区建设、城乡规划与管理等领域具有广泛的应用前景。本文对近10 年国外相关研究进行回顾, 将其分为视觉景观质量评价、视觉影响评价、视觉景观偏好3 个方面, 阐述三者的基本含义、理论来源, 重点介绍每个领域的研究主题、方法与技术, 同时分析其中存在的优缺点及借鉴意义。在景观质量评价方面, 研究重点仍在景观元素及特征对景观质量的影响, 心理物理学方法居主导地位, 呈现专家方法与之结合的趋势。在视觉影响评价方面, 城乡建筑及能源设施产生的视觉影响为近期学者关注的焦点, GIS和3D可视化技术拓展了质量评价和影响评价的时空尺度, 提高了精确性。在视觉景观偏好方面, 学者从欣赏的主客体即人与景观两个角度进行了研究, 深入挖掘人的自然、文化属性及景观特征对景观偏好的影响, 并证实对景观的偏爱能够促进景观保护与土地合理利用。最后对近期国外研究状况进行总结, 提出了未来研究的方向及对国内研究的有益启示。

A review on visual landscape study in foreign countries

Visual landscape study has a wide application prospect in the construction of scenic spots as well as urban and rural planning and management. Related foreign researches in the last decade were reviewed and divided into three parts in this paper: visual landscape quality assessment, visual impact assessment, and visual landscape preference. The basic implications and theoretical sources were introduced. This paper mainly concerns the topics, methods and techniques of each field. At the same time, advantages, disadvantages as well as relevant significance were analyzed. First, in landscape quality assessment, the research emphasis was the contribution of landscape elements and features to landscape quality. Psychophysical approaches were commonly used in this area, but there was an apparent tendency toward combination of the expert-based approach and the psychophysical approach. Secondly, visual impact caused by urban and rural buildings and renewable-energy facilities received much attention. GIS and 3D visualization techniques enlarged temporal-spatial scales and improved the precision of quality and impact assessment. Thirdly, scholars investigated visual landscape preference from two perspectives: human and landscape which was respectively subjective and objective part of appreciation. Not only human natural and cultural attributes but also landscape features were deeply explored to demonstrate the influence in landscape preference. It was confirmed that landscape preference could promote landscape preservation and rational land use. In conclusion, the progresses of the studies on visual landscape were summarized as follows: visual landscape study was more instructive in landscape planning and construction, because the subjective and objective methods were gradually integrated and the techniques were diversified; study areas were unbalanced and study objects were a little dull, so more relevant researches should be made in the developing countries and scholars should pay much attention to visual impact of a large variety of landscape types; there was a need for comprehensive perspectives as the number of interdisciplinary studies was increasing; the foreign researches had some enlightenment for the domestic ones.