Genetic types and characteristics of ground ice in Northeast China

The southern limit of permafrost in northeast China oversteps that in the other regions of Eurasia by a few degrees of latitude. There are 11 types of ground ice found within the studied region, including vein ice, massive bedrock ice, lava caves ice and so on. The water for the formation of the ground ice comes from various sources: precipitation, surface water, soil water, and ground water. The ground ice types coexist with the surrounding environment. The correlation and distribution features of the original types of ground ice, their surrounding environments are analyzed for the theoretical study of ground ice formation, engineering control of hazards in ice rich areas and the prediction of changing conditions.