我国铝土矿成因及矿层沉积过程

我国铝土矿床按最近作者等（1984,1985）的意见主要的是风化壳沉积型（Ⅰ型）,占我国铝土矿石储量98.83%,其次是红土型（Ⅱ型）,占我国矿石储量1.17%。前者又分三个亚型即Ⅰ₁修文式--碳酸盐古风化壳沉积亚型,占Ⅰ型矿石储量83.2%,分布在山西、贵州、河南、四川、山东、河北、陕西、辽宁、江西、新疆等省（区）;Ⅰ₂苹果式--碳酸盐古风化壳沉积--近代卡斯特堆积亚型,占Ⅰ型矿石储量13.04%,分布在广西、云南等省（区）;Ⅰ₃乐山式--硅酸盐古风化壳沉积型,分布在四川、贵州北部、湖北、湖南等省。红土型（Ⅱ型）分布在福建、广东。是第三纪到第四纪玄武岩在近代气候条件下风化作用形成的三水铝石矿床。其成因已得到我国铝土矿床地质工作者的公认,与国外的意见也一致,本文不再讨论。但是我国对于古风化壳沉积型铝土。

THE GENESIS OF BAUXITE AND THE SEDIMENTARY PROCESS OF ITS ORE DEPOSIT IN CHINA

Bauxite in China is mainly palaeoresiduum sedimentary bauxite deposits (98.83% in the total reserve), which is called the karst type abroad. And the lateritic type of bauxite deposits is only 1.17% in the total reserve. In China the genetic mechanism of palaeoresiduum sedimentary bauxite deposits is considered as the colloidal chemical sedimentation by the most mineralogists and it is considered as the sedimentation of meohanical elastics and suspended materials. Based on the research results as followings: 1) The Oxygen Isotope Analysis:the δ~(18)O‰. value(SMOW) of the diaspore, which is the main clay mineral in palaeoresiduum sedimentary bauxite deposits, is about +5-+ 10.9, average +9.2. This value verifies that the diaspore is formed by weathering and the crystalinity index of the clay minerals in the bauxite deposits shows the origin of terrigenous clastic materials as wells 2) No sedimentary traces which are often seen in water sediments, such as bedding, cross bedding, ripple mark and crack, are found in the deposits, and neither are animal fossils; 3) The ores of the palaeoresiduum sedimentary bauxite deposits are all earthy, semiearthy or dense in structure without exception and under microscope their textures are psammitic or gravel-clastic and the shape of the clastic is subround or sub-edge-anglar, indicating the sediments to be transported, and no mechanical differential sedimentation has been found, thus they are quite similar to the earthy or semiearthy clastic bauxite ores near palaeoshores or in the central of sea basins; 4) The striae on the surface of diaspores under scanning electron microscope and the cracks of oolitic grains under microscope indicate the transportation in atmosphere; 5) Pores are well developed in the bauxite ores under scanning electron microscope many miarolitic cavities, in which there are secondary diaspores with good crystalinity as well as boehmites and under microscope can be seen secondary kaolinites filled between psammitic grains and gravel-clastic grains, and the ores become poor in quality in a certain depth below ground water, which indicates that SiO₂ has been leached away and alumina is enriched in the epidiagen-etic stage; the author thinks that the origin of the palaeoresiduum sedimentary deposits in China is "a terrestrial and hydatogenous deposit with superficial enrichment". The sedimentary process of the ores can be divided into three stages as followingS: 1) Alumina-bearing rocks in continent become drift-bed calcium lateritic beds or lateritic beds in bauxite-bearing residuum through weathering; 2) After sea water or lake water covers the eluvial beds, primary bauxite stratum in poor quality is formed during sedimentation; 3) The primary ore bed goes up with the rise of crust and, hence, enters into the superficial stage, upon the action of groundwater or surface water the SiO₂ is leached but alumina enriched, and finally the bauxite deposit with industrial value is formed.