不同主体特征的犯罪人空间出行行为分析

犯罪人的空间出行行为对描述和理解犯罪人的犯罪过程具有重要作用。目前已有的研究大多集中于犯罪人空间出行距离的一般性统计分析,缺少从犯罪人不同主体特征下的空间出行行为的精细化与个性化研究。论文以北京市盗窃电动自行车案件为例,对不同主体特征要素下的犯罪人空间出行距离分布差异性进行了实证研究,结果表明：具有不同性别、年龄、籍贯和犯罪经验属性的犯罪人空间出行距离分布存在明显差异,其中男性犯罪人的犯罪出行距离略高于女性犯罪人,但其空间缓冲距离却较女性犯罪人略小;中年犯罪人较青少年和老年犯罪人具有更大的犯罪出行距离和空间缓冲半径;外来犯罪人群体较本地犯罪人群体的犯罪出行距离和空间缓冲区更远;多次作案的犯罪人在出行距离和空间缓冲距离上要高于作案次数较少的犯罪人。随后,基于最小努力原则和理性抉择理论,从犯罪人主体的出行成本、邻里监护风险感知、犯罪收益等角度构建了犯罪人空间出行的决策模型,并对不同主体特征要素作用下的犯罪人空间出行行为的差异性进行了解释。研究结论可为犯罪预测及警务实践提供有效支撑。

Spatial travel behavior of criminals with different individual characteristics

The spatial travel behavior of criminals plays an important role in describing and understanding the journey to crime process of criminals. Current studies focus on the statistics of travel distance of criminals, lacking studies on refined individualization of spatial travel behavior under different individual characteristics of criminals. Using theft cases of electric bicycles in Beijing region, an empirical analysis was conducted in this study to explore the spatial distribution of the criminals' travel distance under different individual characteristics. The results show that individual differences that affect travel distance distribution primarily concern gender, age, origin, and frequency of crimes attributes. Among them, the crime travel distance of male criminals is higher than that of female criminals, but their spatial buffer radius is closer than that of female criminals. Middle-aged criminals have larger crime travel distance and spatial buffer radius than juvenile and elderly criminals. The crime travel distance and spatial buffer zone of alien criminals are farther than that of local criminals. The crime offenders who commit multiple crimes have higher travel distance and spatial buffer distance than those who commit fewer crimes. Finally, this study constructed a decision model of spatial travel of criminals from travel cost, risk perception of neighborhood guardianship, and profit on the basis of the least effort principle and rational choice theory, and explained the difference of spatial travel behavior of criminals under the influence of different individual characteristics. The conclusions can provide effective support for crime prediction and policing practice.