基于地理学视角的国际空间规划嬗变与启示

空间规划是优化国土空间开发格局的政策工具,空间规划改革是建立现代空间治理体系的重要举措,是当前政界与学界共同关注的热点议题。本文采用文献计量与典型案例分析方法,基于地理学视角对国外空间规划研究与实践进行深入剖析,目的在于总结其演化规律,明确其对中国空间规划改革的启示。研究发现:① 地理学作为一门专注于“空间”的科学,其理论与方法在空间规划改革中不可或缺。传统的地理学理论在空间规划中仍起着中流砥柱的作用,而关系地理学等后结构主义地理学理论在空间规划中的应用也日渐广泛,同时地理学还为空间规划提供了方法与技术支撑。基于孤立视角与线性增长的传统空间规划往往难以满足当前经济社会发展需求,而基于关系网络与多种发展轨迹综合叠加的关系地理学理论可为空间规划的科学化、合理化提供支撑。② 提升中国地理学研究水平是推动空间规划健康发展的基石。德国的地理学研究成果推动了其成为空间发展最为均衡的国家之一,日本的地理学研究成果则支撑了其以三大城市群为主导国土开发格局的形成,地理学者在推动既有理论本地化的过程中,更应从人地关系地域系统角度出发,为解决中国空前激烈的人地冲突提供科学指引。③ 构建层次分明、功能互补的空间规划体系是推动空间规划目标性与操作性相统一的保障。地理学作为一门经世致用的科学,应积极面对空间规划改革这一国家重大需求,结合区域特质创新理论、方法与技术途径,为空间规划改革提供科学、合理的决策支持,以此为国家人地关系协调可持续发展做出应有的贡献。

Evolution and enlightenment of foreign spatial planning: Exploration from the perspective of geography

With the rapid increase of productivity, the intense conflict between human and environment has given birth to the discipline of spatial planning. As an indispensable tool for reconciling man-land relationship, high-quality spatial planning is essential for the reasonable utilization of space resources and the promotion of sustainable socio-economic development. Adapting to the rules of man-land interaction is the premise of conducting high-quality spatial planning, which is unachievable without the support of geography. Using bibliometric and typical case analysis method, this study conducts an in-depth analysis of researches and practices on foreign spatial planning from the perspective of geography. The main findings were demonstrated as follows: (1) as a science focusing on "space", geographical theories and methods are indispensable in the reform of spatial planning. Traditional geographical theories still play a pivotal role in spatial planning, while the post-structuralist geographical theories such as relational geography are increasingly applied. Currently, the traditional spatial planning based on an isolated perspective and linear growth can hardly meet the requirements of socio-economic development, while the geographical perspective based on the relationship network combined with multiple developmental trajectories may be conducive to promoting the rationalization of spatial planning. (2) A country's geographical research will greatly affect its spatial planning. For example, the central place theory has made Germany one of the countries with the most balanced spatial development, while the geographical research achievements in Japan have supported the formation of the territorial development pattern dominated by three urban agglomerations. Thus, improving the geographical research level is a cornerstone to promote the healthy development of spatial planning. For China, in the process of promoting the localization of foreign theories, geographers should proceed from the perspective of man-land relationship areal system, in order to provide scientific guidance for resolving unprecedented fierce conflicts between human and environment. (3) Because of the regionality, comprehensiveness, complexity and multi-scale characteristics of the man-land relationship areal system, the construction of a spatial planning system with distinct levels and complementary functions is the guarantee for the operability of spatial planning. Overall, as a science of humanistic pragmatism, geography ought to propose scientific and reasonable policy suggestions aimed at the major national need—the reform of spatial planning, through innovative theories, methods and technological approaches that root in real-world situations, thus contributing to the harmonious development of man-land relationship.