土地复垦美学视觉评价:以黄土高原矿区为例

目前国内外很少有从美学角度进行土地复垦的研究,土地复垦美学概念暂未提出,土地复垦美学视觉评价体系还未成熟。为深入研究土地复垦美学概念内涵,讨论土地复垦美学表现形式,本文参考平朔矿区土地复垦与生态修复的经验,采用文献归纳法和移植研究法,以“山水林田湖草生命共同体理念”为依托,构建了由要素评价和系统评价组成的嵌套式评价体系。通过解构美国林务局视觉管理系统(visual management system,VMS)评价、美国土地管理局视觉资源管理系统(visual resource management,VRM)、联邦公路局视觉影响评估系统(visual impact assessment,VIA)、复田景观评价、园林景观美学评价等成熟的视觉评价体系,结合矿区生态系统修复“五元共轭”理论,构建了一套适用于黄土高原矿区的土地复垦美学视觉评价体系,所有指标共计21项,即地貌重塑与土壤重构相关指标8项、植被重建与生物多样性相关指标7项、景观重现相关指标6项。各项指标完成了定性、半定量化释义,修正了“岩貌、地形地貌、湖泊、毗邻景观”4项指标的评价标准。土地复垦美学评价不可忽略主观因素影响,应注重景观美学表现形式的多样性与差异性,使土地复垦美学视觉表现得更具选择性。

Visual evaluation of land reclamation aesthetics: An example of the Loess Plateau mining area

At present, the national and global level studies on land reclamation from the perspective of esthetics are scarce. In fact, the concept of land reclamation esthetics has not yet been proposed, and the visual evaluation system of land reclamation esthetics is not yet mature. To study this concept in depth, we discuss in this article the esthetic expression of land reclamation in reference to the experience of land reclamation and ecological restoration in the Pingshuo mining area. Following the idea of “ecosystems are a life community”, a nested evaluation system composed of element and system evaluations is proposed. By deconstructing some well established landscape visual evaluation systems, including the United States Forest Service visual management system (VMS), Land Administration visual resource management (VRM) system, and Federal Highway Administration visual impact assessment (VIA) system, and combining with the theory of five-stage reclamation for mine ecological restoration, we constructed a indicator system for evaluating land reclamation esthetics applicable to the mining area of the Loess Plateau. The system has 21 indicators: 8 related to structure, 7 for vegetation reconstruction and biodiversity, and 6 for landscape reproduction. All indicators have complete qualitative or semi-quantitative interpretations, with revisions of interpretation criteria for 4 indicators: rock formation, topography, lake, and adjacent landscape. The esthetic evaluation of land reclamation cannot ignore the influence of subjective factors, and it should emphasize diversity and difference in the esthetic expression of landscapes so that the visual expression of land reclamation esthetics is more selective.