The boreal spring stratospheric final warming and its interannual and interdecadal variability

Based on the daily NCEP/DOE reanalysis II data, dates of the boreal spring Stratospheric Final Warming (SFW) events during 1979–2010 are defined as the time when the zonal-mean zonal wind at the central latitudes (65°-75°N) of the westerly polar jet drops below zero and never recovers until the subsequent autumn. It is found that the SFW events occur successively from the mid to the lower stratosphere and averagely from the mid to late April with a temporal lag of about 13 days from 10 to 50 hPa. Over the past 32 years, the earliest SFW occurs in mid March whereas the latest SFW happens in late May, showing a clear interannual variability of the time of SFW. Accompanying the SFW onset, the stratospheric circulation transits from a winter dynamical regime to a summertime state, and the maximum negative tendency of zonal wind and the strongest convergence of planetary-wave are observed. Composite results show that the early/late SFW events in boreal spring correspond to a quicker/ slower transition of the stratospheric circulation, with the zonal-mean zonal wind reducing about 20/5 m s^?1 at 30 hPa within 10 days around the onset date. Meanwhile, the planetary wave activities are relatively strong/weak associating with an out-of-/in-phase circumpolar circulation anomaly before and after the SFW events in the stratosphere. All these results indicate that, the earlier breakdown of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV), as for the winter stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events is driven mainly by wave forcing; and in contrast, the later breakdown of the SPV exhibits more characteristics of its seasonal evolution. Nevertheless, after the breakdown of SPV, the polar temperature anomalies always exhibit an out-of-phase relationship between the stratosphere and the troposphere for both the early and late SFW events, which implies an intimate stratosphere-troposphere dynamical coupling in spring. In addition, there exists a remarkable interdecadal change of the onset time of SFW in the mid 1990s. On average, the SFW onset time before the mid 1990s is 11 days earlier than that afterwards, corresponding to the increased/decreased planetary wave activities in late winter-early spring before/after the 1990s.