生态系统可持续管理的对策

简要介绍了千年生态系统评估(MA)项目对策工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉:政策响应》的核心内容.MA的评估结果显示,在过去的50年里,60%的生态系统服务已经出现下降或不可持续利用的状况,而且许多生态系统服务在未来50年内仍会急剧下降,这将严重威胁联合国千年发展目标的实现.但是,MA认为通过对当前的政策、制度和行为习惯进行重大调整,仍然可望在满足对生态系统服务不断增长的需求的同时,减缓和扭转生态系统的退化趋势.基于这一认识,MA的对策工作组通过分析过去和当前用于生态系统管理的各种对策的优点与缺点,指出了生态系统可持续管理的障碍;确定了制度与管理对策、经济与激励对策、社会与行为对策、技术对策以及知识与认知对策方面可望改善生态系统管理状况的一系列干预措施;并提出了设计生态系统可持续管理的决策的基本原则以及有助于制定生态系统管理决策的有效手段.

Response Options to Sustainable Manage of Ecosystems

The main content of the report of the Responses Working Group-Ecosystems and Human Welling Being: Policy Responses, was briefly introduced in this paper. Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. However, approximately 60% of the ecosystem services evaluated in the MA are being degraded or used unsustainably. Moreover, the degradation of ecosystem services could grow significantly worse during the first half of this century and is a barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The challenge of reversing the degradation of ecosystems while meeting increasing demands for their services can be partially met under some scenarios that the MA has considered, but these involve significant changes in policies, institutions, and practices that are not currently under way. This report examined the strengths and weaknesses of various past and current responses options that have been used to manage ecosystems; indicated the barriers that must be addressed to ensure the sustainable management of ecosystems; identified a number of promising interventions, including institutions and governance, economics and incentives, social and behavioral responses, technological responses, and knowledge and cognitive responses; and emphasized some elements of decision making processes for sustainable management of ecosystems sustainably as well as some useful tools that can assist decision making concerning ecosystems.