生活垃圾对环境的污染评价方法探讨

生活垃圾对环境的污染，主要表现为垃圾渗滤液对地面水、地下水、土壤等的污染。其污染评价涉及污染物指标、污染物标准值的确定和计算模式的建立等内容。本文在总结现行环境指数评价法的基础上，探讨性地提出一套将基于生活垃圾填埋场环境监测技术标准(CJJ／T3037—95)中涉及地面水、地下水、土壤等的相关监测项和垃圾中的其他常见重要污染物，一并确定出的污染评价指标，再根据相关有毒物急性毒性分级，结合阈限值和部分浸出毒性鉴别标准值等分为5类污染指标。并在污染物的标准值确定后，进行对应于5类污染物的不同数学模式计算，得到5个分类污染指数，再比较判别这5个分类污染指数，选出最大者作为总污染指数的组合型评价垃圾污染的方法。经实例应用分析，该方法对各种污染物数据分布情况的适宜性优于现行其他常用方法。

An Approach to the Assessment of Environmental Pollution Caused by House Refuse

Environmental pollution caused by house refuse mainly finds expression in the pollution of garbage leachate to surface water, ground-water and soil. The pollution assessment involves the determination of pollutant indexes and pollutant standard values as well as the formulation of calculation modulus. According to previous similar assessment and currently-used assessment method for house refuse pollution, the pollution monitoring items for surface water, groundwater and soil determined in The Environmental Monitoring Standard for the House Refuse Landfill (CJJ/T3037-95) have already been put forward. On such a basis, the authors classify the indexes of these pollution items into five classes, i.e. , Class I, extremely toxic pollution index; Class II, highly toxic pollution index; Class III, moderately toxic pollution index; Class IV, lowly toxic or slightly toxic pollution index; and Class V, common (or non-toxic) pollution index. Through a further comparison, the maximum value is sorted out as the comprehensive pollution index of the total pollutants. An analysis of the case study shows that the suitability of this technique for the data distribution of various pollutants is better than other commonly-used methods.