Satellite observations of Pc 1 pearl waves: The changing paradigm |
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| Institution: | 1. Liisantie 1 A 4, Oulu, FIN-90560, Finland;2. The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia;3. Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Irkutsk 664033, Russia;1. Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK;3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;4. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel;1. Space Research Institute RAS, Russia;2. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science JAXA, Japan;1. School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China;2. Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration, 100036 Beijing, China;1. Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia;2. Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Russia;3. Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory of the Oulu University, Finland;4. Institute of the Earth Physics, Moscow, Russia;5. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland;1. National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6, Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu, Japan;2. National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;3. HVEM Laboratory, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan;4. Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Pc 1 pearls have been observed on the ground for about 70 years. During this time numerous publications have been written on the various properties of Pc 1 pearl waves, the related theory, and possible applications. Pc 1 waves with a clear pearl structure are only a fraction of all Pc 1 waves observed on ground, and this fraction depends on the latitude of observations, increasing from high to low latitudes. In fact, the spatial and temporal occurrence of Pc 1 pearls is closely connected with the location and development of the plasmapause. While it has been known roughly 40 years that Pc 1 waves are electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves generated by anisotropic, energetic ions in the near-equatorial magnetosphere, the formation of pearl structure is still largely in question. In situ observations of Pc 1 waves in the Earth's magnetosphere have been made since the 1970s by various satellites in different orbits. However, satellite observations of clear Pc 1 pearls are still rather few. Here we review a few crucial satellite-based observations of Pc 1 pearls, and evaluate their contribution to the understanding of pearl formation. We show that the long-held paradigm of the bouncing wave packet model is in serious contradiction with satellite observations and therefore outdated. Instead, observations support the idea that Pc 1 wave growth rate is successively modulated at the equator by long-period ULF waves. |
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