北京市养老机构布局的时空演变及政策影响

近年来,随着老年人口的迅速增长和家庭照料资源的减少,机构养老服务在北京市得到快速发展。本文采用文献分析和空间分析的方法,研究了北京市机构养老服务发展的历程,探析了养老机构布局的时空演变过程及其政策影响因素。研究表明：①北京市养老机构的发展分为萌芽期(1953-1959年)、停滞期(1960-1977年)、增长期(1978-1995年)和繁荣期(1996-2012年) 4个阶段,各阶段具有不同的空间分布特征;②在区县尺度,机构养老服务的发展阶段和布局现状存在空间差异。延庆县、怀柔区、顺义区、密云县、平谷区、门头沟区养老机构的发展主要处于增长期,呈现出增长期的布局特征;而昌平区、房山区、大兴区和通州区养老机构的增长主要处于繁荣期,并呈现出这一时期的布局特征;③老年政策不仅影响了养老机构的总体规模,并且对各类所有制养老机构的发展历程与空间布局产生了不同影响。

Spatiotemporal evolution of residential care facilities in Beijing and policy impacts

Residential care, as an option for elderly care, has developed at a fast speed in Beijing while the elderly population rapidly increases and available family care resources diminish. This study examines the spatial evolution of residential care facilities (RCFs) and impacts of government policies on their development in Beijing. Government documents, statistical and GIS data, literature analysis, and spatial analysis were used for the analysis. The results show that: (1) the development of residential care in Beijing has gone through four stages, including infancy(1953-1959), stagnation (1960-1977), growth (1978-1995), and prosperity (1996-2012).In each of these stages the facilities had different patterns of spatial distribution. (2) At the district/county level, the development and spatial distribution pattern of residential care facilities vary in time and space. At present, the RCFs in Yanqing, Huairou, Shunyi, Miyun, Pinggu, and Mentougou are in the growth stage and the spatial distribution patterns of RCFs in these districts (counties) exhibit typical characteristics of this stage. On the other hand, the RCFs in Changping, Fangshan, Daxing, and Tongzhou are in the stage of prosperity and the spatial distribution patterns correspond to features of this stage. (3) Government policies have impacts not only on the size of the RCFs, but also the development process and spatial distribution of RCFs. The distribution of public RCFs is more dispersed and the iragglomeration is not clear, while the private RCFs are relatively concentrated and mainly distributed in the six central districts, surrounding suburban districts, and some areas with attractive natural environment in the remote suburban districts. Agglomerations of private RCFs have been formed in Changping District and the northwestern area of Haidian District. The results of this study will provide knowledge for the future planning and policy making of RCFs in Beijing.