贵州喀斯特聚落文化类型及其特征研究

从喀斯特环境人地关系的角度出发,探讨贵州喀斯特聚落文化的组成因子和文化层;依据地域分异规律、相似性原则、综合分析原则,将贵州喀斯特聚落文化分为谷地聚落、半坡村聚落、溪边村聚落、丘原区聚落、洞穴聚落和屯堡聚落六种主要类型。谷地聚落因峰丛洼地环境容量小,形成散珠状小聚居的形态和独特的垦殖文化景观;半坡村聚落因喀斯特山地环境的影响,形成依山而建、聚族而居、典型的吊脚楼民居建筑等特征;溪边村聚落因峰林坝地环境容量较大,沿河形成串珠状聚族而居的形态;丘原区聚落因丘原盆地环境容量大、地域环境开放,形成多民族杂居、村寨密集分布、文化交融强等特征;洞穴聚落因岩洞环境的特殊性,形成依洞而建的小聚居形态;屯堡聚落因喀斯特环境和历史的影响,形成典型的集聚型村落,将石文化、江南文化、军事文化有机结合。通过探讨各类型聚落文化在聚落规模、聚落布局、聚落环境、建筑、生活习俗等方面的特征,可为合理开发贵州喀斯特聚落文化提供依据。 

Research on settlement culture type and the characteristics in Guizhou Karst Area

This paper discusses composing factors and cultural layers of the settlement culture in Guizhou Karst Area in view of karst human-environment relationship. And then categorizes the settlement culture into 6 main types according to regional differentiation rules and combination of comprehensive analysis and leading factors. The major types involve valley settlements, hills ettlements, brook settlements, plain settlements and cave settlements as well as military outpost settlements. Special scattered pattern of the settlement is formed in karst valleys for the small space size and low environment capacity; influenced by the hill environment, typical hanging house or the Diaojiaolou is buil tc omplying with terrain in middle hill settlement, which forms the local architecture features; bead-string-shaped distribution along the river banks is formed in brook settlement for the higher environment capacity in the karst basin or valley; in plateau area, for the higher environment capacity and open space, multi national people live together and intensive village pattern settlement with frequently cultural exchanges is formed; because of the particularity of the cave environment, small settlement pattern is formed complying with the caves in cave settlement area; influenced by karst environment and human history, military outpost settlement culture mingled with the stone culture, Jiangnan culture and military cultural. This paper reveals the characteristics of different types of settlement, including settlement scale, settlement layout, settlement environment and building as well as life-style, in order to provide reference for exploiting Guizhou karst settlement culture rationally.