内蒙古农牧交错带生态工程成效实证调查和分析

作为生态工程的参与者和受影响者,农牧民对生态工程成效的评价、对未来生态工程措施的选择倾向具有重要的决策参考价值。将结构化问卷调查与开放式访谈相结合,对内蒙古自治区武川县、四子王旗和太仆寺旗3个旗县生态工程建设情况进行了调查研究。结果表明:退耕还林还草、围封禁牧以及季节性休牧是本区主要的生态工程类型;基于个体体验,农牧民并不认为生态工程取得了良好的、显著的生态效益;生态工程对农牧民的影响表现为"减产、提效、增收";对于未来的工程措施,农牧民优先选择限制牲畜数量,其次是退耕以及保护退化草地;绝大多数农牧民支持有补偿条件下进一步退耕和生态移民。本文进而给出了一些研究和政策建议。

Positivist analysis on the effects of ecological projects in the farming-pastoral transition belt of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

As the participants and affected persons of ecological projects in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region during the past decade, local farmers should be involved when we assess the effects and efficiency of those ecological projects, and their comments and favorites should also be paid more attention when the government makes decisions on the future ecological project planning. Using questionnaire-based investigation and positivist analysis methods, this paper aimed to explore the ecological project effects in the typical farming-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. The survey covered 144 families in 3 counties of Inner Mongolia (Taipusi Qi, Wuchuan County, and Siziwang Qi). Results showed: (1) Returning cropland to forest/grassland, enclosing grassland to prevent grazing, and seasonal delaying grazing were the 3 main types of ecological project. A high participation rate was closely related to the family's core business. (2) Based on an integrated assessment taking into account water, soil, atmospheric and biological factors, local farmers' responses referred that they did not think the past ecological projects brought obvious and favorable post-effects for the local environments, although our detailed study indicated that ecological projects had prevented local environmental degradation, reduced sandstorm frequency, and increased the number of wild animal species. (3) Family income and the productivities of tillage and husbandry were promoted after the implementation of ecological projects, though the gross yields of grain and livestock were decreased. The critical factors affecting family income included farming/herding production technology and geographical location. (4) Limiting livestock's amounts, returning farmland, and protecting degraded grassland were the 3 most favorite measures to protect/restore local ecosystems for local framers. Further measures for returning farmland and eco-migration would be supported if compensation was enough. The rate of support was related to family income, available labor transfer approaches, and subsequent guarantees.