Groundwater discharge and gully formation on martian slopes

Young gullies and gully deposits on walls of martian craters have been cited as evidence that liquid water flowed on the surface of Mars relatively recently. Effects of variable environmental conditions at the surface of Mars are modeled and applied to the case of groundwater emergence from shallow aquifers to investigate whether groundwater is a viable source to enable the erosion of these gullies. The model includes detailed treatment of ice growth in the aquifer. Model results indicate that groundwater discharge can be maintained under the current environmental conditions if the aquifer permeability is like that of terrestrial gravel or higher, if the aquifer is 350 K or warmer, or if the aquifer is a brine with a freezing point depressed to 250 K or below. Groundwater discharge cannot be maintained for the conservative case of a cold, pure water, semi-pervious aquifer. Cold (275 K) pure water pervious (gravel) aquifers, warm (350 K) pure water semi-pervious aquifers, and cold (275 K) CaCl₂ brine semi-pervious aquifers all exhibit a dependence of discharge on season, latitude and slope orientation in our modeling. Seasonal, latitudinal and azimuthal discharge variations are strongest for cold CaCl₂ brine semi-pervious aquifers, with discharges from this aquifer type favoring equator-facing slopes at mid and high southern latitudes. At all latitudes and slope azimuths under our nominal conditions, the cold pure water pervious aquifer, the cold pure water semi-pervious aquifer and the cold CaCl₂ brine semi-pervious aquifer all freeze completely shortly after the simulations are started. Discharge restarts in the summer for the cold pure water pervious aquifer and the cold brine aquifer, but discharge does not restart for the cold pure water semi-pervious aquifer. The warm pure water semi-pervious aquifer maintains daily seeps throughout the year at all but high latitudes. In the case of the cold pure water pervious aquifer, approximately 500,000 m³ of water could be discharged from a mid-latitude, 150-m thick aquifer with a 20-m wide seepage face orientated towards the equator or the pole after a single undermining-induced event before ice growth seals the seepage face. For a brine semi-pervious aquifer with the same dimensions, 200-300 m³ of water could be released from a mid-latitude 20-m wide equator-facing seepage face before the fresh exposure is sealed for the fall and winter seasons. Our results do not rule out groundwater emergence as a means of creating some recent gullies, but they indicate that rather special and perhaps unusual conditions would be required.