国家名义之下的旅游资源垄断与产权困境——以从化温泉风景区为例

旅游资源的公共物品问题在地理学制度转向的背景下受到西方学者的广泛关注,旅游资源的国家所有制及其近30 a经历的市场化改革使得中国的旅游资源问题别具特色。以温泉资源为例,借助对从化温泉风景区这一典型案例地的深度剖析,采用深度访谈、文献分析和实地考察等定性研究方法探讨国家所有的旅游资源在开发过程中屡遭破坏的原因。研究结果表明,温泉资源的开采权分配格局形成于计划经济时代,在市场化改革进程中资源的产权依旧被多家半官方企业所垄断,各家企业在追求个人利益最大化的过程中,使当地的温泉资源变成了国家名义之下的公地,并因此导致了温泉资源过度开采的后果。地方政府在这种旅游资源管控格局中丧失了指导地方发展的主动权,并成为舆论与上级责难的对象,但当其试图走出这一产权不清导致的困境时受制于至上而下的行政体制而举步维艰。

The Monopoly of Tourist Resource in the Name of the State: A Case Study in Conghua,Guangdong

The study of tourist resources as public goods has been a topic that draws wide attention in Geography in western world. Along with the market reform over 30 years, the management of state-owned resources in China has manifested itself some unique characteristics. The reform of mineral resources management is reshaping the hot spring destinations in mainland China. In the last two decades, a number of studies have examined the ambiguous property rights of tourism resources. Few lights, however, are shed on the implication of resource reform upon hot spring destination in China. Taking Conghua hot spring resort as an example, this paper mainly targets on the analysis of geographical features as well as the underlying operating mechanism of state-owned resources. By adopting qualitative approach which includes field survey and semi-structured interviews, the main findings of the paper are as follows. First, it is found that the spread of hot spring tourist facilities is based on the over-use of the hot spring resource. Such abuse of hot spring resources has already resulted in geothermal resource shrinking. The low-efficient development of the hot spring resources in Conghua is due to the low price made by informal oligopoly and extra profit that can be gained from hot spring tourism. If the exploitation rights of hot spring resources were controlled by multiple semi-public enterprises, the local hot spring resources would become 'the Commons'. In pursuit of the maximization of personal benefit, the over-exploitation of state-owned resources is inevitable. Under such condition, the local government loses the control of the development of resources and has been put into the dilemma. On the one hand, it has been criticized by its upper supervision government. On the other, when local government endeavors to clarify the property rights and implement unified management, this innovation is constrained by the top-down administrative system.