Key results and implications from phase 1(c) of the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes |
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| Authors: | A J Pitman A Henderson-Sellers C E Desborough Z-L Yang F Abramopoulos A Boone R E Dickinson N Gedney R Koster E Kowalczyk D Lettenmaier X Liang J-F Mahfouf J Noilhan J Polcher W Qu A Robock C Rosenzweig C A Schlosser A B Shmakin J Smith M Suarez D Verseghy P Wetzel E Wood Y Xue |
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| Institution: | (1) Dept. Physical Geography, Macquarie University, North Ryde, 2109, NSW, Australia E-mail: apitman@penman.es.mq.edu.au, AU;(2) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia, AU;(3) Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, US;(4) Science Systems and Applications Inc., New York, USA, US;(5) Meteo–France, Toulouse, France, FR;(6) Hadley Centre, Bracknell, England, GB;(7) Hydrological Sciences Branch, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, USA, US;(8) CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Australia, AU;(9) Dept. Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, US;(10) Princeton University, Princeton, USA, US;(11) ECMWF, Reading, England, GB;(12) Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique du CNRS, Paris, France, FR;(13) RMIT, Melbourne, Australia, AU;(14) Rutgers University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA, US;(15) COLA, Calverton, USA, US;(16) Institute of Geography, Moscow, USA, US;(17) NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, USA, US;(18) Climate Research Branch, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Canada, CA;(19) Mesoscale Dynamics and Precipitation branch, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, USA, US;(20) Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, USA, US |
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| Abstract: | Using atmospheric forcing data generated from a general circulation climate model, sixteen land surface schemes participating
in the Project for the Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes (PILPS) were run off-line to equilibrium using
forcing data from a GCM representative of a tropical forest and a mid-latitude grassland grid point. The values for each land
surface parameter (roughness length, minimum stomatal resistance, soil depth etc.) were provided. Results were quality controlled
and analyzed, focusing on the scatter simulated amongst the models. There were large differences in how the models’ partitioned
available energy between sensible and latent heat. Annually averaged, simulations for the tropical forest ranged by 79 1 3;W m-2 for the sensible heat flux and 80 W m-2 for the latent heat flux. For the grassland, simulations ranged by 34 W m-2 for the sensible heat flux and 27 W m-2 for the latent heat flux. Similarly large differences were found for simulated runoff and soil moisture and at the monthly
time scale. The models’ simulation of annually averaged effective radiative temperature varied with a range, between all the
models, of 1.4 K for tropical forest and 2.2 K for the grassland. The simulation of latent and sensible heat fluxes by a standard
‘bucket’ models was anomalous although this could be corrected by an additional resistance term. These results imply that
the current land surface models do not agree on the land surface climate when the atmospheric forcing and surface parameters
are prescribed. The nature of the experimental design, it being offline and with artificial forcing, generally precludes judgements
concerning the relative quality of any specific model. Although these results were produced de-coupled from a host model,
they do cast doubt on the reliability of land surface schemes. It is therefore a priority to resolve the disparity in the
simulations, understand the reasons behind the scatter and to determine whether this lack of agreement in de-coupled tests
is reproduced in coupled experiments.
Received: 15 October 1997 / Accepted: 22 April 1999 |
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