Magmatic hydrothermal origin of the Hadamengou-Liubagou Au-Mo deposit,Inner Mongolia,China: Constrains on geology,stable and Re-Os isotopes

The Hadamengou-Liubagou Au-Mo deposit is the largest gold deposit in Inner Mongolia of North China. It is hosted by amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphic rocks of the Archean Wulashan Group. To the west and north of the deposit, there occur three alkaline intrusions, including the Devonian-Carboniferous Dahuabei granitoid batholith, the Triassic Shadegai granite and the Xishadegai porphyritic granite with molybdenum mineralization. Over one hundred subparallel, sheet-like ore veins are confined to the nearly EW-trending faults in the deposit. They typically dip 40° to 80° to the south, with strike lengths from hundreds to thousands of meters. Wall rock alterations include potassic, phyllic, and propylitic alteration. Four distinct mineralization stages were identified at the deposit, including K-feldspar-quartz-molybdenite stage (I), quartz-pyrite-epidote/chlorite stage (II), quartz-polymetallic sulfide-gold stage (III), and carbonate-sulfate-quartz stage (IV). Gold precipitated mainly during stage III, while Mo mineralization occurred predominantly in stage I. The δD_H2O and δ¹⁸O_H2O values of the ore-forming fluids range from −125‰ to −62‰ and from 1.4‰ to 7.5‰, respectively, indicating that the fluids were dominated by magmatic water with a minor contribution of meteoric water. The δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of hydrothermal carbonate minerals vary from −10.3‰ to −3.2‰ and from 3.7‰ to 15.3‰, respectively, suggesting a magmatic carbon origin. The δ³⁴S_CDT values of sulfides from the ores vary from −21.7‰ to 5.4‰ and are typically negative (mostly −20‰ to 0‰). The wide variation of the δ³⁴S_CDT values, the relatively uniform δ¹³C values of carbonates (typically −5.5‰ to −3.2‰), as well as the common association of barite with sulfides suggest that the minerals were precipitated under relatively high fo₂ conditions, probably in a magmatic fluid with δ³⁴S_ƩS ≈ 0‰. The Re-Os isotopic dating on molybdenite from Hadamengou yielded a weighted average age of 381.6 ± 4.3 Ma, indicating that the Mo mineralization occurred in Late Devonian. Collectively, previous ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar and Re-Os isotopic dates roughly outlined two ranges of mineralizing events of 382–323 Ma and 240–218 Ma that correspond to the Variscan and the Indosinian epochs, respectively. The Variscan event is approximately consistent with the Mo mineralization at Hadamengou-Liubagou and the emplacement of the Dahuabei Batholith, whereas the Indosinian event roughly corresponds to the possible peak Au mineralization of the Hadamengou-Liubagou deposit, as well as the magmatic activity and associated Mo mineralization at Xishadegai and Shadegai. Geologic, petrographic and isotopic evidence presented in this study suggest that both gold and molybdenum mineralization at Hadamengou-Liubagou is of magmatic hydrothermal origin. The molybdenum mineralization is suggested to be associated with the magmatic activity during the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean beneath the North China Craton (NCC) in Late Devonian. The gold mineralization is most probably related to the magma-derived hydrothermal fluids during the post-collisional extension in Triassic, after the final suturing between the Siberian and NCC in Late Permian.