自动与人工测温仪器观测地温极值差值分析

对门头沟气象站2004-2009年不同温度传感器(自动和人工)在地温测量中得到的日极值差值序列的特征分析发现:地面最高温度月均差值在-2.5～2.0℃之间,并呈现季节和年际波动,平均差值超标率为17.5％,但呈现逐年下降趋势；地面最低温度月均差值在-0.5～2.0℃之间,并呈现季节和年际变化,平均差值超标率为3.8％.分析了铂电阻温度表和玻璃液体温度表仪器自身误差和土壤状态、降水等因素对差值的影响.由地温表接触的土壤环境、安装状态、太阳辐射强度、天气条件等外部因素影响所产生的误差比仪器自身原因引起的误差要显著；外部因素造成的误差可以通过规范安装、改良土壤环境等方法减小或消除.提出了降低人为误差的具体建议,为观测人员正确维护地温表、提高观测质量提供参考.

Difference Analysis of Two Types of Thermometers for Measuring Extreme Ground Temperature

The differences between the extreme ground temperature measured by two different types of temperatures sensors （automatic and manual observation） from 2004 to 2009 at the Mentougou weather station are analyzed. The monthly average differences between the maximum ground temperatures vary from -2.5 ℃ to 2.0 ℃ with obviously seasonal and annual variations, but the difference values have an average rate of 17.5% exceeding the mean value of 2 ℃ and the exceeding ratios decrease year by year. The monthly average differences between the minimum ground temperatures vary from - 0.5 ℃ to 2.0 ℃ with obviously seasonal and annual variations, and the difference values have an average exceeding-average rate of 3.8 %. The influencing factors, such as the intrinsic errors of the platinum resistance thermometers and glass liquid thermometers, soil condition, rainfall, etc. are analyzed. The influences of the different soil environment, installation state, solar radiation intensity, weather conditions, and other external factors are more significant than the errors caused by the instrument itself. The suggestions on reducing human-induced errors during ground temperature observation are given, which are helpful to the maintenance and quality improvement of ground temperature observation.