古村落旅游地游线固化的路径依赖——世界遗产地西递、宏村实证分析

以西递、宏村为例,分析了古村落旅游地高度集中的旅游线路的形成和固化过程。依据新制度经济学理论,游线固化实质是一个路径依赖的结果,其中大众游客的市场结构、消费文化因素、权力因素、古建保护因素、制度因素和经济因素等形成的正反馈机制是不断加强游线固化效果、形成路径依赖的主要力量。在这些影响因素的共同作用下,目前的线路已经陷入锁定状态(Locked-in),短时间内改变则会由于巨大的机会成本而变得困难重重。黟县及西递、宏村村镇政府必须坚持加大对东部民居保护及旅游设施发展投资,设计多样化的专题旅游线路,多样化发展游客市场,并通过市场的力量促进遗产保护、旅游建设以及社区居民的全面、协调、可持续发展。

Path dependence in travel route formation in ancient village tourism destinations:An empirical study of Xidi and Hongcun

In recent years, visiting ancient villages, ancient towns or world cultural heritages has been popular. However, with tourism development in the humanistic destinations, problems have emerged. The over concentration of travel routes has been criticized for a long time,as it leads to a series of consequences, including the spatial concentration of tourist activities, confined business opportunities, limited resident participation and unbalanced community development. Although local residents as an integrated community are crucial in forming an attractive humanistic and cultural landscape in these destinations,it is possible for only a small proportion of them living along the travel routes or owning farmland to be fully integrated in tourism development. The permeation of tourism into the community breaks down the balanced status and perplexes the power relation, where there might be disparity and conflict. Moreover, concentration of tourist activities places tremendous pressure on heritage, infrastructure and tourism management, while it also deteriorates the satisfaction of both the tourists and residents. However, although dispersion of tourist activity has been advocated by the tourism experts, few measures have been taken. This paper analyzes the formation and solidification of travel routes in ancient village destinations in the cases of Xidi and Hongcun world heritage sites. It points out that it is not optimistic in tourism management, community participation and development as well as in heritage protection, which are not economically, socially, culturally or environmentally sustainable. The solidification process of the travel routes follows a path dependence pattern often discussed in neo-institutional economics. There are six feedback loops motivating the process, including the mass tourist market structure, Chinese consumptive culture, ancient architecture protection, power relation, institution settings and economic factor. System dynamics is utilized to model the feedback system. Currently, the travel routes in Xidi and Hongcun are locked in an unsatisfactory status, where drastic change will be under tremendous opportunity cost.