潮滩沉积物重金属累积特征研究进展

在分析总结国内外潮滩重金属研究现状和成果的基础上,指出潮滩重金属来源的定量分析尚很不完整;沉积物的物质组成、粒径、水动力作用、潮滩生物、河流输入量、人类活动等都对重金属在潮滩的分布有着重要影响。在垂岸方向,重金属从高潮滩到低潮滩含量逐渐降低,反应了水动力以及粒径对潮滩重金属的分布的控制;沿岸方向,淤涨岸段,重金属含量低,排污口严重影响着重金属的沿程分布,重金属含量随离排污口的距离增大而呈指数减少;垂向方向,在许多地方重金属分布与人类活动、经济发展状况相吻合。生物活动使潮滩重金属的累计特征变得复杂,改变了潮滩局部的微环境。与国内外河口重金属研究相比,潮滩重金属的研究远远不足。沉积物中重金属常用研究方法,如Tes sier地球化学相连续提取法、Meso cosm模型,以及数值和现场模拟的方法的应用,对潮滩重金属的研究将有很大帮助。在潮滩重金属的污染评价中,生物标准较其它标准更为适合。

REVIEW OF ACCUMULATION FEATURES STUDY OF HEAVY METAL IN SEDIMENT OF TIDAL FLAT

The achievements and current knowledge of heavy metal study in tidal flat sediments were reviewed based on the data from national and international literatures. It is shown that the heavy metals in tidal flat are mainly derived from the products of disintegration of minerals and rocks, human activities, atmosphere and ocean. Various factors, including water dynamics, sediment components, grain size, biological activities, river discharge and human activities, govern the accumulation features of heavy metals in tidal flat. Heavy metal concentrations decrease from high tidal flat to the middle and low tidal flats. Along the tidal flat, the stable and accumulating banks are usually enrich in heavy metals, while the eroded bank is poor in heavy metal contents. The discharges of municipal sewerage or industrial wastes have an important impact on the distribution and accumulation of heavy metals over tidal blanks. For example in Venice lagoon and Jinzhou Bay, heavy metal contents decrease exponentially with the distance from sewage sources. But in other areas the metals is modified by dynamic conditions. In Shanghai tidal flat, metals contents peak in about 1 mile from the entrance of sewerage. Although the vertical profile of heavy metals in different tidal flats vary due to the different backgrounds and dynamics, the vertical profiles reflect the history of pollution and the peak content of heavy metals is consistent with the maximum of metal discharge from human activities. Sometimes the same vertical profiles of the various elements exist in different cores. For example, lead has come from long range atmospheric deposition of anti knock compounds in gasoline, copper and zinc are derived either from pollution discharges, natural resources in soils and are transported to the flat via surface waters, rather than atmosphere. Their close relation suggests that they are mixed in some local or regional environmental compartments before delivered to the area. 
Biological activities are important to the accumulation and migration of heavy metals in tidal flat because of its biodiversity and toxicity. The morphology of biological bodies, biological availability governs the heavy metal accumulation in tidal flat and the accumulation in biological bodies. Biological activity changes the micro-environment of the tidal flat. Although recent publications contain heavy metal accumulation in biological body's transportation and accumulation of heavy metals caused by biological bodies, the quantitative study is still rare. Examples of quantitative work, can be found for mangroves. At Itacurussa experimental mangrove of Brazil, the stem, root and leaves are the pathways of the transportation of heavy metals. The average transfer rates of heavy metals from canopy to sediment through leaf fall were: Mn=0.097kg/hm²·a, Fe=0.049 kg/hm²·a, Zn=0.002 kg/hm²·a. In fact mangrove ecosystems are probably efficient biogeochemical barriers to the transport of metal contaminants across tidal flat. The concentration of heavy metal in tidal flat illustrates the time cycles due to the seasonal changes of plant. For example, heavy metal increased during the growing season with Cu peaking in july and Pb and Ni peaking in september.
Methods of heavy metals in sediments also appropriate for the heavy metal study in tidal flat, such as acid and alkali digest methods, Tessler's sequential extract method for metals from sediments, and other methods, like laboratory micro-universal system approach, mesocosm and numerical model, regressive equations and magnetic measurements can be applied to different studies at ecological cycles and resources of heavy metal in tidal flat.
Great progresses have been achieved in the past 30 years in the study of heavy metals of tidal flat , but comparing with the study of estuaries, the heavy metal study of tidal flat is few. (1)The horizontal and vertical distribution of heavy metals in tidal flat need further study, especially the quantitative assessment. (2) Transportation pathways of different resource of heavy metals, e.g., products of disintegration of minerals and rocks, human activities, atmospheric and marine origin to the tidal flat are still not clear. (3)Heavy metals released from sediments would become source of pollution of tidal flat and must be examined. (4)The particles size effect should be examined in order to compare the heavy metals from different areas. (5)Biogeochemical cycling model of heavy metals is needed due to the complexity of accumulation and migration caused by biological activities. (6)In view of the huge quantity of creatures, using a biological standard to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals in tidal flat is apparently more relevant. For example, bivalves are used pervasively due to its abundance, In the Jiaozhou bay, the concentration of heavy metal elements, like As, Cd, Dr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn in clam in 1997 can be as high 9, 6, 8, 3, 205, 2 and 3 times respectively as the contentions of heavy metal in 1990. The standard evaluation of pollution by creatures in tidal flat should be set up.