完善新时期水资源管理指标的方法

气候变化和人类活动极大地改变了流域水循环和水资源分布, 以供需管理为核心的水资源管理方法难以缓解缺水的局面。中国提出了新时期水资源相关管理政策, 然而受数据、对象和方法的限制, 新政策采用的管理指标和内涵目标间存在差异, 在缺水地区还必须增加耗水总量控制的约束指标, 实施取水与耗水的双向管控。本文通过综述国内外最新进展和案例, 提出新时期水资源管理指标的完善方法: 建立以蒸散监测为核心的现代耗水要素监测体系；健全以耗水上限为核心的水资源刚性约束方法, 通过综合考虑环境流量用水和生态服务耗水的需求, 核定流域人类活动水资源可消耗量的上限, 实现水资源的刚性约束；实施耗水约束机制, 通过约束农业规模、合理规划生态恢复治理的规模和方式, 实现水资源发展的“四水四定”既定原则。期望通过数据、方法和措施的创新能够切实保障新时期水资源治理模式的有效实施。

Methods to improve management indicators to ensure the implementation of new water governance in China

Climate change and human development have significantly altered the processes of natural water cycling, aggravating the challenge of worldwide water governance. China has initiated a new paradigm of water governance. However, the gap between concept and reality widened due to a lack of appropriate data and methodology. Current water management focuses on limiting the water withdrawals and improving the water use efficiency, and is not yet able to ensure the implementation of the new water governance paradigm. After a thorough study of the advanced development and achievement of water governance policies both at home and abroad, the conclusion has been reached that the total water consumption should be introduced as an additional management indicator to implement a dual control of water withdrawal and consumption. The paper proposes to: ① Establish water consumption monitoring infrastructure with evapotranspiration remote sensing monitoring as its core component. ② Implement the rigid water resources constraint by determining available water consumption targets of human activities in the basin, considering water requirements of environmental flow and ecosystem restoration, and establish a cascading system assigning targets to the sectors and/or stakeholders. ③ Implement the water consumption reduction schemes by limiting agricultural planting areas and optimizing ecosystem restoration with indigenous species. It is expected that the proposed approaches will effectively ensure the implementation of China′s new water resources governance paradigm with innovative data, methods, and measures.