Simultaneous satellite and ground-based observations of solar protons |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia;2. Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia;3. Nanophotonics and Applications Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, P.O. Box 170, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia;5. Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;6. Materials Science Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt;1. Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis, Université de Tunis, 41, Avenue de la Liberté, Cité Bouchoucha, Bardo, Tunis, Tunisia;2. Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Tunis, Université de la Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia;1. Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia;2. Centre of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia;3. Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia;4. PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia;5. UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | During September 1963 two solar proton events occurred. The particles were detected directly by the satellite Alouette and indirectly, as ionospheric absorption, by a network of riometers distributed in latitude across the northern and southern polar caps of the Earth. Since one of the riometers was located at the South Pole, where it was continuously sunlit during the events, the absorption measurements there were unaffected by the usual day-to-night variation. Hence the absorption has been unambiguously compared with the proton flux measured by the satellite, and an empirical relation between the two has been derived.The riometer records have also been used to indicate continuously the variation of absorption with latitude across the polar caps. These latitude profiles were compared with the latitudinal variation of the proton flux as determined by the satellite, and there is a close correspondence between the profiles obtained for the same time by the two techniques. In particular the change in the cut-off energies following the sudden commencement of a magnetic storm is clearly evident. The “noon-recovery” of the absorption in the polar cap is shown to be compatible with a change in the geomagnetic cut-off at locations near the edge of the polar cap. |
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