中国生态农业的发展与展望

农业是国民经济的基础,在通过科学技术进步和土地集约化利用取得巨大成绩的同时,也造成了生态与环境问题的日益加剧。在这一形势下,人类社会开始反思农业发展的政策、模式和技术,认识到农业的发展,不仅要提高产量以满足人们对农产品的数量需求,还要提高产品质量,保证食物安全,发挥生态系统的多种功能。20世纪末,中国生态学家和农学家共同提出了具有中国特色的生态农业概念。经过近30年的实践和发展,中国生态农业建立了较为完善的理论体系,总结了适应中国国情的成功模式,开展了不同层面的生态农业建设试点,取得了显著的成效,并得到国际社会的广泛承认与赞扬。但也存在一些问题,如对农业的多种生态服务功能没有给予充分的重视,缺乏市场化引导、规模化经营、专业化生产和品牌化推广等。面对着新时期社会经济发展的特点与资源环境瓶颈,中国生态农业需要在产业循环、多功能化、高品质、产业化以及融合传统精华与现代技术、实现农村可持续发展等方面多做努力。

China's Ecological Agriculture: Progress and Perspectives

Agriculture is the basis of national economy. Through science and technology and the intensive utilization of land, great achievements have been made in agriculture. However, some agro-ecological and environmental problems are rising. Because of this, people have begun to reflect on agricultural developmental policy, patterns and technologies, and put forward new thoughts for agricultural development. In the late 20th century, China’s ecologists and agronomists co-sponsored the concept of ecological agriculture with Chinese characteristics. Its essence includes a series of concepts such as integration, coordination, circulation and regeneration within agroecosystems or within systems of agriculture production, processing and marketing. After nearly 30 years of practice and development, ecological agriculture in China has achieved remarkable outcomes. However, current eco-agriculture development is unsatisfactory due to the following two factors: (i) A lack of research and accounting across a variety of agro-ecosystem service functions; (ii) It is difficult to obtain remarkable economic benefits because of the lack of market-oriented guidance, scale management, specialized production and brand popularization for the traditional autarkic peasant economy. In order to further promote the development of ecological agriculture it is necessary to engage in serious reflection on ecological agriculture in China and arrive at new understandings about circular economy, multifunctional agriculture, high-quality agriculture, industrial development, integration of the traditional essence and modern technology, and finally, the sustainable development of rural areas.