岩石动力学研究成就与趋势

在岩石动力学研究范畴,岩石承受的典型荷载是冲击荷载,加载应变速率在1×10-1～1×104s-1之间,通过如动载机、霍布金逊压杆、常规爆炸荷载等试验装置来研究岩石的动态力学性质与本构关系。由于岩石的动载作用必须考虑惯性效应,即波效应,因此,岩石动力学是以应力波理论为基础,研究应力波在岩体(石)中的传播与衰减规律、应力波与岩体节理裂隙的相互作用、应力波通过层状介质结构面折、反、透射关系及边界效应。我国岩石动力学研究最早可以追溯到20世纪60年代初大冶铁矿边坡稳定性研究中的爆破动力效应试验。比较全面地开展岩石动力学研究应该始于1965年由国家科委与国防科委同意成立防护工程组,并将"防护工程建设与研究"增列为10年规划中的国家重点项目,从而奠定了我国岩石动力学研究的基础。1987年,中国岩石力学与工程学会岩石动力学专业委员会的成立,标志着我国岩石动力学学科发展走向新的里程,成员单位涵盖水利水电、能源矿山、煤炭石油、铁路交通、建筑国防、大专院校与科研院所等。岩石动力学专委会每两年组织召开的"全国岩石动力学学术会议",至今已举办十一届,对我国岩石动力学发展起到了促进与推动作用。文中介绍了我国岩石动力学近10年来具代表性的研究成果,分岩石动力学研究主要成就、岩石动力学研究发展趋势两部分来介绍,供同行们参考。

Development and new achievements of rock dynamics in China

In rock dynamics, one of typical types of loading is impact loading, which can induce the strain rate up to 1×10-1-1×104 s-1. Impact loading can be generated by a dynamic machine, Hopkinson bar testing equipment and blasting, and is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of rock. When rock is subjected to dynamical loading, inertial effect will become significant. Hence the objective of rock dynamics is to investigate the propagation and dissipation of stress waves in rock, the interaction between the stress waves and the joints of rocks, the reflection, diffraction and injection of the stress waves in layered materials. Initial study of rock dynamics in China could be traced back to the early sixties of last century, when the dynamic effect of blasting on the slope stability of Daye Iron Mine was investigated. Comprehensive research for such a subject started in 1965, when State Commission of Science & Technology and National Defense Commission of Science & Technology approved to establish the defense engineering research group, and launched “construction and research for protective engineering” as a key national research program. Through such events, China built up the foundation for its rock dynamics study. In 1987, the Commission of Rock Dynamics, a sub-committee of Chinese Society of Rock Mechanics and Engineering was founded; and this event became the milestone of the further development of rock dynamics. Members of the commission came from universities and research institutions of water conservancy, hydropower, energy, mining, coal, petroleum, railway transportation etc. Organized by the commission, the “National Conference for Rock Dynamics” has been held every two years, making a great contribution to the advancement of rock dynamics research. This paper will introduce the development and new achievements of rock dynamics in China recent 10 years; and it can be divided into two parts, i.e. the past achievements and the future development trends.