Managing for a resilient ocean |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 1950 Circle of Hope, RM N3100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;2. AvanSciBio LLC, 1290 West 2320 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84119, USA;3. Counsyl, Inc., 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;4. Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 465 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA;5. ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;6. ARUP Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;1. Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden;2. Selebovägen 1, Enskede SE-122 48, Sweden;3. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | Ocean policies around the world increasingly emphasize the importance of maintaining resilient ocean ecosystems, communities, and economies. To maintain and restore the resilience of healthy marine ecosystems in practice, specific management objectives with metrics and a policy framework for how to apply them will be needed. Here we present a concept for doing this, based on evidence that marine ecosystems transition from desirable to less desirable states in response to a number of physical, chemical, and biological drivers. More empirical and synthesis research will be necessary to develop quantitative metrics of resilience and thresholds between ecosystem states for specific ecosystems; however, suggestions are provided here for how to manage for resilience when insufficient data and knowledge are available for quantification. A summary of thresholds for biotic and abiotic drivers of ecosystem state drawn from the literature is also provided as a guide to management. |
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