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The role of the International Maritime Organization in reducing vessel threat to whales: Process,options, action and effectiveness
Authors:Gregory K. Silber  Angelia S.M. Vanderlaan  Ana Tejedor Arceredillo  Lindy Johnson  Christopher T. Taggart  Moira W. Brown  Shannon Bettridge  Ricardo Sagarminaga
Affiliation:1. Office of Protected Resources, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;2. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2;3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Road, St. Andrews, NB, Canada E5B 2L9;4. KAI Marine Services, Nalón, 16, La Berzosa, 28240 Hoyode Manzanares, Madrid, Spain;5. General Counsel for Office of International Law, National Oceanic and Atmospheric, Administration, 14th & Constitution, N.W., Washington, DC, 20230, USA;6. New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, 02110, USA;g Canadian Whale Institute, Box 410, Wilson''s Beach, NB, Canada E5E 1Y2;h ALNITAK Marine Environment Research Center, Nalón, 16, La Berzosa, 28240 Hoyode Manzanares, Madrid, Spain
Abstract:
Keywords:AIS, Automatic Identification System   AMVER, Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System   ATBA, Area To Be Avoided   CD, Compact Disc   DGMM, Direcció  n General de la Marina Mercante (Directorate General of the Merchant Marine)   ECAREG, Eastern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations   GT, Gross tonnage   IMO, International Maritime Organization   INMARSAT, International Marine/Maritime Satellite   ICOADS, International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set   IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature   MEPC, Marine Environment Protection Committee   MSC, Marine Safety Committee   MSR, Mandatory Ship Reporting systems   NAV, Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation   NMFS, National Marine Fisheries Service   NOAA, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration   SOLAS, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea   TSS, Traffic Separation Scheme   USA, United States of America   USCG, United States Coast Guard   VOS, Voluntary Observing Ships
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