华南地区港口体系与功能分化对海南洋浦 自贸港建设的启示

中国华南沿海地区地处海上丝绸之路的必经之地，其周边港口的航运网络及其临港产业的建设对推进跨区域的社会文化活动和经济合作具有重要意义。通过对比分析海南洋浦港与中国华南地区9个典型港口的航运网络特征及其临港区产业类型可以发现：（1）洋浦港目前的集装箱吞吐量及其市场占有率还比较少，2020年集装箱吞吐量为101.93万TEU，仅占整个华南地区10个典型港口比重的1.25%，并且仅与地区内的钦州港、新加坡港、胡志明港有较高航运频次。洋浦港在航线布局上，亟待向香港港、广州港和深圳港靠齐，提升中国在环南海区域的“近洋”布局并不断推动洲际“远洋”航线地开通；（2）洋浦港临港区域企业数量由2005年的326个增加至1461个，在区域港口中总占比由2005年0.18%提升至2015年0.47%。但各企业分布密度均较其他港区小。其中直接涉海的海运装卸业与跨境物流产业数量都较少；依存产业建设方面目前主要依托于渔业的发展，其他船舶制造业、建筑工程业也较少；与港务相关的服务业中，洋浦港提供的服务类型也较少，主要集中为零售业，缺少海运保险和海洋金融等服务业类型。因此，海南港口在高质量发展的新常态下，需要从业务“多元化”向区域“基地化”实现转型发展，即要注重与华南地区典型港口之间的相互“交流”以及港口与临港区产业经济活动之间的互动，逐步形成优势互补、分工合理、相互协作、竞争有序的沿海港口群体。

The enlightenments of the port system and functional differentiation in South China to the construction of Hainan Yangpu Free Trade Port

The coastal area of South China is located at the crossroads of the Maritime Silk Road, its surrounding ports and their corresponding port industries are of great significance to promoting cross-regional social and economic cooperation. In this study, we compared the shipping network characteristics of ten typical ports as well as their port-adjacent industries in South China, and found that: (1) The current container throughput and market share of Yangpu Port are still relatively small. The container throughput in 2020 was 1.0193 million TEU, which only accounted for 1.25% of the proportion of the 10 typical ports in the South China region, and only had a relatively high shipping frequency with Qinzhou Port, Singapore Port and Ho Chi Minh Port in the South China Sea. In terms of route layout, Yangpu Port urgently needs to learn from Hong Kong Port, Guangzhou Port and Shenzhen Port, continuously improve the short-distance transnational routes in the South China Sea, and expand more long-distance transnational and intercontinental routes; (2) The number of regional enterprises in Yangpu port had increased from 326 in 2005 to 1,461, and its proportion within the South China region had increased from 0.18% in 2005 to 0.47% in 2015. However, the spatial density of enterprises is smaller than that of other port areas. Among them, the number of maritime loading and unloading industries and cross-border logistics industries directly involved in the maritime industries are relatively small; the development of dependent industries mainly relies on the fishery, and other industries such as shipbuilding and construction are less. Among the service industries related to port affairs, fewer types of services that mainly in the retail industry are provided, and lack of service types such as marine insurance and marine finance. Therefore, Hainan Ports need to transform from diversification to specialization under the new normal of high-quality development. The mutual communication and interaction between the ports, as well as their industrial and economic activities, will gradually form a coastal port group with complementary advantages, reasonable division of labor, mutual cooperation and orderly competition.