The Tsunami of 26 December, 2004: Numerical Modeling and Energy Considerations |
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Authors: | Zygmunt Kowalik William Knight Tom Logan Paul Whitmore |
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Institution: | (1) Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA;(2) NOAA/NWS/West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, Palmer, Alaska, USA;(3) Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA |
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Abstract: | A numerical model for the global tsunamis computation constructed by Kowalik et al. (2005), is applied to the tsunami of 26 December, 2004 in the World Ocean from 80°S to 69°N with spatial resolution of one
minute. Because the computational domain includes close to 200 million grid points, a parallel version of the code was developed
and run on a Cray X1 supercomputer. An energy flux function is used to investigate energy transfer from the tsunami source
to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Although the first energy input into the Pacific Ocean was the primary (direct) wave,
reflections from the Sri Lankan and eastern shores of Maldives were a larger source. The tsunami traveled from Indonesia,
around New Zealand, and into the Pacific Ocean by various routes. The direct path through the deep ocean to North America
carried miniscule energy, while the stronger signal traveled a considerably longer distance via South Pacific ridges as these
bathymetric features amplified the energy flux vectors. Travel times for these amplified energy fluxes are much longer than
the arrival of the first wave. These large fluxes are organized in the wave-like form when propagating between Australia and
Antarctica. The sources for the larger fluxes are multiple reflections from the Seychelles, Maldives and a slower direct signal
from the Bay of Bengal. The energy flux into the Atlantic Ocean shows a different pattern since the energy is pumped into
this domain through the directional properties of the source function. The energy flow into the Pacific Ocean is approximately
75% of the total flow to the Atlantic Ocean. In many locations along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, the first arriving signal,
or forerunner, has lower amplitude than the main signal which often is much delayed. Understanding this temporal distribution
is important for an application to tsunami warning and prediction. |
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Keywords: | Indonesian tsunami tsunami model maximum amplitude energy flux |
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