基于气象监测网络的森林火险快速预警模型

森林火灾发生频繁且突发性强,进行森林火险快速预警对于减小森林火灾损失和促进森林资源可持续发展至关重要。本文基于GIS空间分析和可视化技术,利用地面气象站构建实时气象监测网络,设计了运用气象监测网络的森林火险预警模型,可实现森林火险及时、快速预警。模型应用层次分析法建立了预警因子重要性层次结构并确定预警因子的权重;运用Voronoi图技术,基于气象站点和实时气象数据,构建气象监测网络;利用叠置分析技术计算得出预警结果。基于该模型设计的森林火灾快速预警系统应用于青海省林业局,验证了系统可行性与适用性,该模型可全面、准确、快速地实现对森林火险的预警。结果表明：① 根据预警模型及实时气象监测数据,可及时发出预警信号,快速实现县级、林场级别的森林火险早期预警和及时响应;② 运用GIS可视化技术,可快速生成相关区域森林火险的空间分布专题图,直观地观察预警等级的变化情况。实践表明,森林火险快速预警对森林火灾进行有效预防、中断管理和制定扑救措施具有重要的指导作用,并对森林防火工作、保护森林资源和人类生命财产安全具有重大意义。

Forest Fire Risk Rapid Warning Model based on Meteorological Monitoring Network

Forest fire occurs frequently and suddenly. Therefore, it is essential to carry out the rapid warning of forest fire danger for the reduction of the loss caused by forest fire and the promotion of sustainable development of forest resources. This paper designs an early-warning model based on GIS spatial analysis and visualization technology and the construction of real-time meteorological monitoring network using ground meteorological stations, which can achieve timely and rapid warning of forest fire danger. To build the model, this paper first determines the forest fire danger early-warning factors, which are the input parameters of the model. Secondly, a hierarchy model of the importance of early warning indicators is constructed to determine the weight of the early warning factors via using the AHP method and combining the analysis of early warning factors. Then, the thresholds and grade division criteria of the early-warning factor are determined according to the national, industrial, and local regulations for determining forest fire danger levels, which is suitable for the model. Finally, the Voronoi Diagrams are used to establish a meteorological monitoring network based on weather stations and real-time weather data. The Overlay Analysis technology is used to calculate the early warning result. Based on the model and real-time acquisition and processing of data, a rapid warning system for forest fires was constructed. This paper took Qinghai Province as the experimental area where the feasibility and applicability of the system were verified, which indicates that early warning of forest fire danger can be realized by the model comprehensively, accurately, and rapidly. Results show that: (1) According to the early-warning model, the real-time early-warning indicators which were set before, and real-time meteorological monitoring data, the early-warning signal can be sent in time, which can quickly realize early warning and timely response of forest fire risks at the county and forest farm levels; (2) Via introducing GIS visualization methods, the thematic map of forest fire risk spatial distribution can be generated by the model quickly, which is conducive to observe changes in early-warning levels visually. The rapid warning of forest fire risks has important guiding functions for effective prevention, interruption management, and prevention measures of forest fire, and has great significance for forest fire prevention work, protection of forest resources, and safety of human life and property.