基于土地开发强度的长春市城市空间效率分异研究

以地块容积率和建筑密度为基础数据,从土地开发强度这一微观视角出发,针对长春市建成区圈层式快速发展的现实,运用替代原理和竞租理论分析长春市中心城区1 460个地块的土地开发强度的分布特征,并采用核密度估计法对城市空间扩展过程中的低效地块和“超效”地块进行判断,总结分异特征和原因。研究发现：长春市土地开发强度的分布不符合替代原理,地块容积率的分布总体呈现“高-低-高”的环状分布特征;长春市城市空间结构组织总体上符合竞租理论,公共服务设施对传统竞租函数及其空间结构组织模式具有很大的影响;长春市在城市空间扩展过程中,低效与“超效”并存;商业用地和居住用地是低效地块和“超效”地块的主要用地类型,以商业、居住、娱乐、休闲、办公为一体的城市商业综合体建设或许可在一定程度上缓解该矛盾。

Diversity of Urban Spatial Efficiency Based on the Land Development Intensity in Changchun City

Urban land development and space extension, to some extent, are the direct and important measures of urbanization. The research theme has become one kernel study in urban geography and rural and urban planning. The urban land, as the most frequent and concentrated areas of human activity, has the dynamic characteristics of continuous evolution which reflect the dynamic nature, laws and contradictions of urbanization process and urban space expansion. Changchun, as one of the city of Northeast China’s old industrial base, has the historical inheritance characteristics under the planned economy system background in terms of its spatial expansion. The characteristic mainly manifest as large state-owned enterprises are the driving force and carrier of urban space expansion, urban space expansion equip with heavy and high-tech industrial directivity, the expansion mode of concentric circles is determined by urban planning. In recent years, the rapid expansion of Changchun city has led to the problems of traffic congestion, the lack of public service facilities and public space in the central area, the coexistence of lagging behind of infrastructure construction at urban fringe and the low utilization rate. Therefore, it is a meaningful question to study on the reasonable and orderly urban expansion by means of the analysis of land use efficiency. This article, based on the essential data of volume ratio and building density, from the microscopic perspective of land development intensity, aiming at the reality of the built-up area rapidly developing with "ring-layer" model in Changchun, analyses the distribution characteristics of 1 460 parcels which are of difference land development intensity in the downtown area of Changchun by applying the substitution principle and the bid-rent theory. In addition, the inefficient parcels and super-efficient parcels are estimated with the Kernel Density Estimation method in the course of city expansion to summarize the different features and reasons. The main results obtained in this article can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the distribution of the strength of land development in Changchun is inconformity with the principle of substitution. Especially, the distribution of volume ratio is generally characterized by "high-low-high" circular distribution. Secondly, the urban special structure of Changchun, as a whole, is in accordance with the bid rent theory. Besides, public service facilities have a great impact on traditional bid rent functions and their spatial structure patterns. Then, in the process of urban spatial extension of Changchun, inefficient and super-efficient parcels are coexisting. Finally, commercial land and residential land are the main types of land for inefficient and superefficient parcels. Perhaps, the construction of urban complex with coexisting of commercial, residential, entertainment, leisure and office, to some extent, will alleviate the contradiction.