不同交通方式对旅游效率的影响与评价——以张家界为例

以张家界为案例地,运用数据包络分析法（DEA）、Malmquist指数模型及Tobit回归模型对张家界2005~2015年城市旅游效率进行分析,并从综合效率、纯技术效率、规模效率以及技术进步变化、全要素生产率变化进行实证研究,最后从公路、铁路及民航等不同交通方式探讨张家界对旅游效率的影响程度。结果显示：① 综合效率、纯技术效率呈现先下降后上升的趋势,全生产要素变化基本呈上升趋势。② Tobit回归模型中,劳动力投入、资本投入、旅游资源吸引力以及铁路客运量和航运客运量在0.01的水平上对综合效率、纯技术效率有显著影响,而其他因素对规模效率的影响不大。③ 交通条件的优化对提升旅游交通有着正向影响作用,且铁路、航运对张家界旅游效率有显著影响,而公路对其有影响但不显著,因此针对不同交通方式提出要进一步完善张家界景区内外部交通网络建设,形成公路交通、铁路交通、航空与景区交通无缝对接以及建成立体交通网络体系等优化策略,以提高张家界的旅游效率,实现旅游产业健康快速和可持续发展,这将为张家界实现旅游效率最优化水平提供理论指导。

Influence and Evaluation of Different Traffic Modes on Tourism Efficiency: Taking Zhangjiajie as an Example

Tourism efficiency is an important indicator to measure the level of tourism development. The evaluation of tourism efficiency is a focus in tourism geography and tourism management. Transportation is one of the important factors influencing the tourism efficiency. This article analyzes tourism efficiency of the city, Zhangjiajie, from 2005 to 2015 by using the methods of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Malmquist index model and Tobit regression model. In the evaluation of efficiency, this analysis takes labor, assets, attraction of tourism resource and transport as the input indicator while arrivals of tourists and income of tourism as the output indicator. This article empirically analyzes the comprehensive efficiency, pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency, technological progress and total factor productivity. Finally, the article discusses the influence of different modes of transportation on the tourism efficiency of Zhangjiajie. Comprehensive efficiency and pure technical efficiency shows an upward trend after a decline. The total factor of production basically shows an upward trend. For the results of the Tobit regression model, labor input, capital investment, tourism resource attraction, passenger volume of both railway and shipping has a significant effect on comprehensive efficiency and pure technical efficiency at the 0.01 level, but other factors have little impact on scale efficiency. In the development of tourism, Zhangjiajie should expand the input scale of each element to improve the efficiency level. The optimization of traffic conditions has a positive effect on the promotion of tourism traffic. The railway and shipping have a significant impact on the tourism efficiency of Zhangjiajie. The highway also affect but not significant. Therefore, it should further promote the construction of internal and external highway traffic network of Zhangjiajie scenic spots and improve the capacity of railway transportation. Then, it will form a traffic network system consisting of highway transportation, railway transportation, aviation and scenic transportation, which can promote the transportation between urban area and the scenic spots. Following above, it can improve the efficiency of Zhangjiajie tourism industry, and promote a healthy, rapid and sustainable development of tourism industry. These results can provide theoretical guidance for the optimization of Zhangjiajie tourism.