新型城镇化背景下京津冀城市群流动人口特征与格局

新型城镇化突出强调实现“人的城镇化”,摸清流动人口的特征与格局是促进人的城镇化的重要前提,也是新型城镇化的核心议题之一。基于2015年流动人口卫生计生动态监测调查数据,探讨京津冀城市群流动人口的年龄结构、教育水平、就业、收支情况等流动特征,以及流动人口的“源”(来源地)、“汇”(流入地)的分布格局。研究发现：流动人口年龄结构以青壮年劳动适龄人口为主,呈现出受教育水平偏低,户口类型以农业为主,并以跨省流动为主等特征;流动原因以务工经商为主,收入水平以低、中收入为主,恩格尔系数高于常住人口平均水平,行业分布多样化,但以中低端商业服务业为绝对主体,其中从事批发零售业、居民服务、修理和其他服务业、制造业以及住宿餐饮业所占比合计达70.7%。从流动人口的“源”、“汇”格局来看,流动人口主要来源于与其地理位置邻近省份和劳动力输出大省,如河北、山东、河南、黑龙江、安徽等省份,占总流动人口的70.75%;京津两市为流动人口的主要流入地,分别占京津冀城市群的37.76%和29.11%。建议加强流动人口的社会保障完善和职业培训教育,提升流动人口融入城市的能力,提高城市的开放性和包容性,增强流动人口的获得感和幸福感。

Characteristics and spatial patterns of floating population in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration under the background of new urbanization

On 18 November 2017, a major fire broke out in Xihongmen Town, Daxing District, Beijing, where migrants are concentrated, killing 19 people and injuring 8 others. Of the victims, 16 were floating population from Shandong, Henan, and Hebei Provinces. In March 2014, the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the State Council distributed the National New Urbanization Plan (2014-2020). The new urbanization plan attaches great importance to the realization of "urbanization of people." Clarifying the characteristics and spatial patterns of floating population is an important prerequisite for promoting the urbanization of people and one of the core issues of the new-type urbanization initiative. Based on the survey data of migrant population health monitoring in 2015, this study explored the floating population's age, education level, employment, income, expenditure, and other characteristics, as well as the spatial distribution pattern of the source and destination areas in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The results show that the age structure of the surveyed migrant population was dominated by young and middle-aged workforce, showing a low level of education, predominantly agricultural population registration (hukou), and inter-provincial migration. The main reasons for the migration were employment and business activities. The income of the sampled migrants was mainly in the low and medium range, and the Engel's coefficient was higher than the average Engel's coefficient of the resident population. The sectoral distribution of the floating population was diversified, but mainly in the low-end commercial service industry. The proportion of those engaged in the wholesale and retail trade, resident service, repair and other service industries, manufacturing industry, and catering industry accounted for 70.7% of the total. The enrolment rate of health insurance was high, but the penetration of health education was low. In terms of the spatial distribution of inflow and outflow areas, the surveyed floating population mainly came from the provinces with similar geographical locations or large output of labor, such as Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Heilongjiang, and Anhui Provinces, which accounted for 70.75% of the whole surveyed floating population. The Beijing-Tianjin region was the major destination area of migrants, accounting for 37.76% and 29.11% of the total in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration respectively. Therefore, this article proposes to strengthen the social security and vocational training for migrants to improve the ability of migrants to integrate into cities, improve the openness and inclusiveness of cities, and enhance the sense of attainment and happiness of the floating population.