市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究

基于北京市9个不同类型中低收入社区的600位就业者的问卷调查数据,通过构建多元线性回归模型,验证了住房机会（住房搬迁机会）以及就业机会（工作单位类型）等市场转型过程中的制度性因素对中低收入者就业可达性的影响。研究表明,北京市中低收入居民中,国有企业单位及非国有企业单位就业者相对于行政事业单位就业者,显著地承受更大程度的职住分离,体现出单位制度残留的持续影响。由于政府保障性住房项目而搬迁的中低收入居民职住分离程度最大,而因个人原因发生居住搬迁的中低收入者职住距离则相对较近。拥有北京市户口的本地内生型中低收入者、非户主低收入者、男性低收入者的职住分离程度显著更大。最后,北京市中低收入者的月收入与其职住距离成显著正相关,表明市场因素开始发挥作用,但当考虑了住房搬迁机会变量后,部分市场化因素的影响不仅减弱并且变得不显著,而制度性因素的影响变得更强且统计上显著。由此说明,对于转型期的城市中低收入者而言,计划经济下再分配制度的残留与路径依赖以及城市空间的结构性调整对其职住关系的影响更为显著。

Access to Housings and Home-work Separation of Moderate to Low-income Residents in Beijing Under the Market-oriented Transition

In developed and developing countries alike, scholars have endeavored to theorize and test the impacts of urban spatial restructuring—from city-scale suburbanization to neighborhood-scale land use change—on individual commuting and daily travel behaviour. This article tried to provide empirical evidences of residential mobility and home-work links of the moderate to low-income urban residents in Beijing. Based on a 492 household surveys of nine typical neighborhoods which were mainly located in the traditional city centre as well as suburban districts, we compared home-work links and commuting pattern among different moderate to low-income groups, using the measurement of home-work distance and commuting time. Specifically, we used regression models to examine the impacts of institutional factors (such as access to housing, affordable housing policy, different types of work units, HUKOU, home ownership, gender etc.) on low-income residents' job accessibility. The results firstly showed that those who worked for state-owned enterprises (SOE) and these who worked for other non-SOE enterprises, compared to these worked in administrative institution and public sectors, experienced significantly longer home-work separation, which reflected the legacy of DANWEI. Secondly, as to the residential move opportunity, these who were relocated by the governmental housing program tend to endure greatest home-work separation while these who moved by personal reasons had shorter home-work distance. As we expected, those who lived in the suburban neighborhoods had significant worse job accessibility than their counterparts lived in inner city. Thirdly, these who had Beijing HUKOU, who were not household head, male commuters had longer home-work distance. Besides, we found that there was a significant positive correlation between personal monthly salary and home-work distance, which suggested that the job market began to play an important role. Finally, we pointed out special attentions should be paid to the spatial implications of low-income residents’ job accessibility and employment outcomes after passive relocation of their homes as well as their work units.