中国海域地名的源流与时空特征北大核心CSCDCSSCI

海域地名是中国海洋文明的历史见证,在维护海洋权益、发展海洋经济等方面发挥着重要作用。依据地方志等历史资料,以“海(洋)”地名为例,对中国海域地名的源流和时空特征进行分析。研究表明:①中国海域地名具有较强的稳定性和生命力,其发展可以分为海域地名的空间指代模糊时期(先秦至宋代)、海域地名的空间指代清晰时期(宋代至清末)、海域地名中西融合时期(清末至1949年)、海域地名的系统整理和有序管理时期(1949年以后)4个阶段。②中国海域地名的得名原因主要可分为7种:因方位得名、因岛礁沙洲得名、因水文特征得名、因沿陆岸(或较大岛屿岛岸)的地理事物(政区、聚落、山峰等)得名、因航海相关的传说等得名、因海洋出产得名、因海域地形得名。③中国海域地名的空间分布呈现出明显的南北差异,以长江口为界,南方沿海诸省级行政区(含香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区)的海域地名数量远高于北方,南方又以浙江、福建、广东三省为最,岛屿数量等自然地理因素和海洋贸易等社会经济因素是造成此种差异的主要原因。④2018年国家海洋局、民政部受权公布了《我国部分海域海岛标准名称》,其中的“海(洋)”地名是1980年代中国海域海岛地名普查成果的体现。针对中国海域地名整理和研究的现状,提出加强海域地名的整理、公布与命名,明确海域的相关概念,规定海域地名的通名,海域地名的处理需符合国家海洋权益4条建议。

The origin and spatiotemporal characteristics of Chinese sea names

Sea names are the witness to Chinese maritime civilization. As an important means of marking ocean space in ancient Chinese literature, the sea names reflect the practical experience of China's ancestors in exploring and using the sea. As the basis of marine production and management for the Chinese ancestors, sea names still play a vital role in protecting the rights and interests of the sea and in promoting the marine economy. By using historical materials such as local chronicles, this study introduces Chinese sea names’ historical changes, formation mechanism, and spatio-temporal characteristics. This study reveals that Chinese sea names have strong stability and vitality, and the development of them can be divided into four stages: the period of vague spatial reference, the period of specific spatial reference, the period of blending China and the West, and the period of systematic arrangement and orderly management. It is found that Chinese seas are named according to seven main principles, namely directions, nearby islands, hydrologic patterns, coastal features, maritime legends, sea products, and sea terrains. The sea area names of China show that there are obvious differences between the north and the south. The number of sea area names in the southern coastal provinces, which takes the Yangtze Estuary as the boundary, is much larger than that in the north. In the south, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces have the largest number of sea area names. Two main factors are contributing to this difference, including geographical factors such as the number of islands, and socio-economic factors such as the sea trade. The sea names published by the National Oceanic Administration and the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2018 were based on the results of the census of the geographical names of islands in China sea areas in the 1980s. Given the current situation of the collation and research of sea names in China, four suggestions are put forward in this paper: firstly, strengthen the collation, publication, and nomenclature of sea names; secondly, clarify the related concepts of sea area; thirdly, specify the general name of sea names; finally, the processing of sea names should conform to the national maritime rights and interests.