南方典型灌区农田地表径流氮磷流失特性

农田地表径流氮磷流失与土地利用、土壤和灌溉方式有着极为重要的联系,而且具有十分明显的地域特点。本文选取我国南方丘陵地区典型灌区——湖北省漳河灌区的水旱作物(分别为水稻和玉米)作为研究对象,开展了农田地表径流N素和P素流失特性及其影响因素的试验研究。结果表明:土地利用类型对地表N素流失量的影响显著,地表TN流失量表现为旱地>水田;土地利用类型对地表P素的流失量有较大影响,但差异性未达到显著水平,地表TP流失量表现为水田>旱地。随着降雨强度的增大,铵态氮和硝态氮浓度均呈减小的趋势,有机氮的比例由3.2%增至69.7%,无机氮比例由96.8%降至30.3%,更多的有机氮随地表径流流失;随着降雨强度的增大,农田排水总磷和磷酸磷也呈增加的趋势。采用节水灌溉方式,降雨利用率提高了14%~23%,节水率达15%,降雨排水量减少20~25 mm左右,能够有效降低农田氮、磷等养分流失对地表水的污染。作物生育期和地形地势差异也会影响降雨径流特征和农田养分流失。

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff from farmland in a typical irrigation district in southern China

In order to reveal the mechanisms of agricultural non-point source pollution,the Zhanghe Irrigation District in Hubei Province,a typical irrigation district in hilly areas in central China,is selected to conduct field experiments on the influencing factors and characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff from farmland. On the basis of field observation in Tuanlin Experiment Station in the irrigation district in May-September,2007,the influencing factors and laws of nitrogen and phosph...