An anatomy-consistent study of the Lopingian eolian tracks of Germany and Scotland reveals the first evidence of the end-Guadalupian mass extinction at low paleolatitudes of Pangea |
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| Institution: | 1. Urweltmuseum GEOSKOP/Burg Lichtenberg (Pfalz), Burgstrasse 19, 66871 Thallichtenberg, Germany;2. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road N.W., Albuquerque, NM 87104, USA;1. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, 11790 Cairo, Egypt;3. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;4. Economic Geology Research Unit (EGRU), Department of Earth and Oceans, James Cook University, Townsville, 4011, QLD, Australia;5. Department of Economic Geology and Petrology, Institute of Mineralogy, Technische University Bergakademie, Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596 Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany;1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Vrjie Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 Amsterdam, the Netherlands;3. Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy;1. Departamento de Geología Regional, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico;2. National Taiwan Normal University, Department of Earth Sciences, 88 Tingzhou Road Section 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;3. Department of Geology, St. Mary''s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3;4. Department of Energy, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3J9, Canada;1. Equinor ASA, 4035 Stavanger, Norway;2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada;1. Urweltmuseum GEOSKOP/Burg Lichtenberg (Pfalz), Burgstrasse 19, 66871 Thallichtenberg, Germany;2. Saurierwelt Paläontologisches Museum, Alte Richt 7, D-92318 Neumarkt, Germany;3. Museum für Naturkunde Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-Str. 68-73, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany;4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, I-27100 Pavia, Italy;5. Evolutionary Studies Institute, School for Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3 Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;6. Iziko South African Museum of Cape Town, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa;7. Department of Earth Sciences, Albany Museum, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa;8. Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Ave, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa;9. PO Box 360, Clarens 9707, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | The poor preservation and apparent monospecifity of Permian tetrapod footprints from eolian paleoenvironments have thus far hampered their reliable interpretation. This study clarifies how this is due to distinct and repeated ichnotaphonomic effects on trackway pattern and footprint morphology on originally inclined planes. Once these effects are excluded, the anatomy-consistent ichnotaxobases useful for ichnotaxonomy can be recognized. Several nomina dubia are identified, among these the ichnogenus Chelichnus, here considered a taphotaxon. The eolian ichnoassociations from the Lopingian of Scotland and Germany include six different ichnotaxa: cf. Capitosauroides isp. (?eutheriodont therapsid), Dicynodontipus geinitzi (cynodont therapsid), Dolomitipes isp. (dicynodont therapsid), Pachypes loxodactylus n. comb. (pareiasaurian parareptile), Procolophonichnium isp. (small parareptile) and Rhynchosauroides isp. (non-archosauriform neodiapsid). This is completely different from the interpretations of the last 20 years, which postulated that these paleoenvironments comprised monospecific associations of synapsid tracks. These ichnoassociations are instead moderately diverse, similar to low-latitude marginal marine to floodplain ichnoassociations and belong to the Lopingian Paradoxichnium footprint biochron. The Cornberg Formation of Germany, being constrained between the Illawarra reversal and the mid-Wuchiapingian Kupferschiefer at the Rotliegend/Zechstein transition, constitutes the earliest evidence of Lopingian tetrapod faunas at low paleolatitudes and the first evidence of low-paleolatitude faunal turnover related to the end-Guadalupian mass extinction from both the skeleton and the track record. This suggests a global extension of the dinocephalian extinction event, which occurred at high-mid (South Africa and Russia) and low (Western Europe) paleolatitudes of Pangea about 259–260 Ma and was probably triggered by the eruption of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province of SW China, which considerably changed global environmental conditions in both marine and continental settings. |
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