Sea level anomalies in straits of Malacca and Singapore |
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| Institution: | 1. Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;2. Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA;3. Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA;4. Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA;5. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, FL, USA;1. Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Environment and Society, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;2. The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan;3. Waseda University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan |
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| Abstract: | This paper studies sea level anomaly (SLA) behaviour in Malacca and Singapore straits which serve part of a major maritime trade route between Indian and Pacific Ocean using both observed data and numerical model. Spatio-temporal behaviour of SLA in the region is analyzed based on 15 years of in-situ and remote sensing data. Results show that SLA signatures can be distinctly different in the two straits, with vastly opposite behaviours during certain months. By further analyzing spatial dependency of observed SLA in the region, SLA in Malacca and Singapore straits are found to be under the influence of Indian Ocean and South China Sea, respectively. Based on this insight, a numerical model is built with the appropriate non-tidal forcing derived from meteorological model and satellite dataset to properly represent SLA in Malacca and Singapore straits with Root Mean Square Error of less than 10 cm. With this well calibrated model, the effect of different types of forcing on volume flux through the straits is investigated. Combined tidal and non-tidal forcing in the model gives 4 to 7 × 1011 m3 of annual net westward volume flux through the straits which is four to seven times higher than that of tidal forcing alone. Furthermore with this combined forcing, a distinct seasonal trend with westward net flow during northeast monsoon (November to March) and eastward net flow during southwest monsoon (May to September) can be observed through the straits in the model which is not observed with tidal forcing. The findings of this paper highlight the importance of these non-tidal forcing in the model to obtain accurate SLA and flow representation in the straits that is vital to environmental fate and transport modelling during operational forecast. |
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| Keywords: | Sea level anomalies Hydrodynamic Tide Numerical model Malacca Strait Singapore Strait |
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