近30 年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征

在20世纪70年代中后期MSS图像、90年代初期TM图像和2004年TM/ETM图像支持下,通过三期遥感影像的直接对比分析,获得了三江源地区草地退化空间数据集,并在此基础上分析了70年代以来青海三江源地区草地退化的主要时空特征。结果表明:三江源地区草地退化是一个在空间格局上影响范围大,在时间过程上持续时间长的连续变化过程。研究发现,三江源草地退化的格局在70年代中后期已基本形成,70年代中后期至今,草地的退化过程一直在继续发生,总体上不存在90年代至今的草地退化急剧加强现象。草地退化的过程在不同区域和地带有明显不同的表现,如在湿润半湿润地带的草甸类草地上,发生着草地破碎化先导,随后发生覆盖度持续降低,最后形成黑土滩的退化过程;在干旱、半干旱地带的草原类草地上,发生着覆盖度持续降低,最后形成沙地和荒漠化草地的退化过程。三江源地区草地退化具有明显的区域差异,草地退化可以分为7个区,各区草地退化在类型、程度、范围与时间过程方面具有明显不同的特点。

The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Grassland Degradation in the Three- River Headwaters Region in Qinghai Province

Using MSS images in the middle and late 1970s, TM images in the early 1990s and TM/ETM images in 2004, grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters Region is interpreted through analysis on RS images in two time series, then the spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation since the 1970s in the Three-River Headwaters Region are analyzed. The results show that grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters Region is a continuous changing process which has large area of influence and long time scale, and the drastic intensification phenomenon does not exist in the 1990s as a whole. Grassland degradation pattern in the Three-River Headwaters Region took shape initially in the middle and late 1970s, since the 1970s, this degradation process has taken place continuously, characterizing obviously different rules in different regions. Such as, in humid and sub-humid meadow grassland, grassland firstly fragmentizes, then the degree of vegetation coverage decreases continuously, and finally "black-soil-patch" degraded grassland formed. But in semiarid and arid steppe regions, the degree of grassland vegetation coverage decreases continuously, and finally desertification formed. Because grassland degradation has obvious regional diversity, grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters Region could be classified into seven regions, and each region has different characteristics in type, grade, scale and time process of grassland degradation.