跨界流域水资源竞争利用与协调管理对策--以官厅水库流域为例

官厅水库是北京市重要的地表饮用水水源地之一,水源来自上游多个省和自治区,为一个跨地区流域。进入20世纪80年代以后,随着中国改革开发政策的不断深入,流域内社会、经济快速发展,水资源间竞争利用日趋突出,水污染状况不断加剧,造成水体富营养化,目前,库区内水体已成为超V类水,完全失去了其饮用水及工业供水水源地功能。通过对流域内水资源利用及管理现状分析研究,认为官厅水库的水资源减少与水环境恶化的主要原因是:上游地区修建大量拦蓄工程和用水量大幅增加,来水量减少,污水不达标排放,水库来水中污水含量大量增加,造成水体质量下降。在水资源管理中,水库管理机构与流域水资源保护管理部门不统一,地区间水资源利用与保护的权利与义务不明确,水资源竞争利用加剧,管理办法难有成效。由此提出:制定具有法律效力的流域管理法规;建立和加强流域管理机构职能;确定流域内各地区水质、水量保护标准;建立流域水资源保护补偿与水危害赔偿机制。

COOPERTION MANAGEMENT ON COMPETITION USES OF WATER RRSOURCES SHARED BY SEVEAL PROVINCES--THE CASE OF GUANTING RESERVOIR

Guanting Reservoir is one of important water source areas for drinking water of Beijing,and a transboundary river basin.From 80's of last century,because of the rapidly economic and social development in the watershed,the competing uses of water resources among the relative regions are getting stand out,and cause increasing water pollution,up to now,Guanting lost the functions of water supply for drinking water,even for industrial water uses.Through the analysis and study on its water uses and its present management,the problems are found: the lower efficiency of water resource uses,lack of powerful conserving measures on water resource,un-unified structural building between the administrating institution of the reservoir and the water protection administration agency,un-clarity definitions on the rights of water uses and the obligations of water protection among the relative regions and so on.The cooperation management measures are suggested as follows:(1)to establish a regulation/rule owning legal force on the watershed management;(2)to set up and enhance the function and capacity of the reservoir's management agency;(3)to determine the protection standards of water quality and quantity of each region in the river basin;(4)to set up the compensation mechanism on water protection and harm;(5) to define the rights and obligations on water uses and protection among the relative administrative regions in the watershed;(6) to set up the institutions on information sharing,water resource management and monitoring system.