北京市低收入人群的居住空间分布、演变与聚居类型

以北京市各街区的低收入人群为研究对象,以2005年和2009年北京市大规模居民调查问卷为基础数据,综合运用数理统计、空间自相关分析和因子生态分析方法揭示北京市低收入群体的属性特征及其空间分布的特点、变化与聚居类型。研究发现:北京市低收入人群中低龄与高龄人口、中低学历及从事劳动密集型行业的人所占比重较高。从空间分布来看,低收入占比较高的街区单元主要分布在城市边缘郊区,并随着城市建设出现向外发展的趋势;与2005年相比,2009年北京市低收入人口出现了初步集聚化特征,西北五环外街道的低收入集聚强度不断提高,同时二环内的低收入集聚强度也有所增加;受CBD快速发展和奥运建设影响,北京市东部和北部的低收入人群比例大幅度降低。最后,本文总结出三类具有代表性的低收入人群聚居类型,分别为本地型、流动型和新移民型。

The spatial distribution,transition and residential pattern of low-income residents in Beijing

China's rapid urbanization and economic restructuring have given rise to a growing social stratum that is considered as low-income citizens.This research intends to expand this topic by analyzing the residential pattern of low-income citizens in Beijing,a mega-city experiencing a rapid transition in China.The purpose of this study is to develop a systematic understanding of low income residents,including the social-economic attributes,spatial distribution,and residential patterns.Based on the large-scale survey from 2005 to 2009 in Beijing,this study used the method of Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis and Factor Analysis to examine the residential differentiation of low-income citizens across a total of 47 blocks,covering eight districts and five representative suburban regions.It is revealed that most of the low-income residents in Beijing were below 30 or over 50 years old,without well-educated background,and majored in labor-intensive industries.Spatially,the high incidence blocks for the urban poor were mainly distributed in urban fringes;furthermore,these people were found to spread outward with the rapid urbanization process.In addition,the distribution of low-income residents in 2009 reflected a tendency of centralization compared with 2005.The most notable cluster is situated in the northwestern part of the city,including the communities of Shangzhuang,Wenquan,Malianwa and Shangdi,where the urban poor had the largest proportion.Another cluster of low-income residents is located in the inner city of Beijing.We also found the proportion of the urban poor in the eastern and northern parts of the city decreased drastically,which may be due to the development of CBD or Olympic infrastructure construction.Finally,according to Factor Analysis,factors related to the socio-economy and housing attributes of low-income residents were identified and used to divide the blocks into three distinctive groups.Among them,the local urban poor mainly lived in the old-city protective areas of inner city;the rural migrants gathered themselves together in the suburban areas of Shangzhuang,Wenquan,Malianwa and Laoshan,or in the old city areas of Shichahai and Xinjiekou;the potential urban poor,which were well educated young people,were gathered in some places close to the city center with convenient traffic facilities,such as the communities of Wangjing,Taiyanggong,Yuetan and Wanshoulu.